The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized traditional agricultural practices, making its impact in the era of intelligent farming. This mini-review explores the role of IoT-enabled electronics and smart systems and the need to deploy them to transform agriculture through real-time data collection, automation, and resource optimization. The paper also discusses the critical technologies grouped into sensors, drones, and data processing techniques for the contributions of IoT-enabled electronics to precision and vertical farming, livestock monitoring, autonomous irrigation systems, soil, and farmers. The paper also highlights the benefits of IoT devices by addressing global challenges such as data security and privacy, climate change, labor shortages, and sustainable energies while discussing the technical and socioeconomic challenges to widespread adoption across the agricultural community. Finally, the review further emphasizes the potential of collaborative robots, swarm robots, AI and ML applications for regenerative agriculture, biometric sensors, and personalized farming to enhance the effectiveness and scalability of IoT-enabled smart agriculture.

In order to achieve optimal and sustainable produce, soil fertility monitoring and management are needed. A fully automated IoT-enabled edge-based system, SanaSolo 2.0, is proposed through this paper, which continuously monitors soil moisture, soil temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and the fertility levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The system is applied to two different types of soils - infertile and fertile. The vermicompost is added to the soils to observe the improvements in the nutrition content. With calibration and analyses, a significant improvement was observed when infertile soil was added with vermicompost. These findings not only demonstrate the importance and need of this system but also prove that the system is reliable, thereby supporting smart agriculture practices.

Food is crucial in our life. Despite food manufacturers' efforts to meet consumers' needs with manufactured food, it cannot attain the identical level of quality and flavor as natural food. Some fruits and vegetables are classified as food that cannot be manufactured. Also, they play an essential role worldwide. This paper focuses on how farmers can protect their farms from an object that might threaten the crops and cause damage to them. It proposes a framework that farmers may utilize to safeguard the crops against any species of birds. Considering the adverse impact of bird attacks on crop production, this system effectively addresses this problem and consistently enhances the quality and quantity of them. It utilizes computer vision technology to establish a secure environment for the crop. This system is called Quality of Crop Device (qCrop), and it works with a You Only Look Once (Yolov8m) model to detect birds with high accuracy to protect farms.