A sudden change in loads creates troubles in grids/microgrids (MGs) such as frequency fluctuations. For balancing between generation and demand, a Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) has been incorporated into the Egyptian power system (EG-EPS) to provide additional inertia. The studied EG-EPS consists of three conventional power plants (reheat, non-reheat, and hydro) as the main sources of generation, with 20% DFIG participation. The existing literature highlights that the control methods employ for LFC and DFIG in MGs are insufficiently coordinated for minimizing deviations in frequency and power. This limitation arises due to narrow control constraints and inadequate sensitivity to disturbances. To this regard, this paper proposes an adaptive control-based balloon effect modulation (BE) to tune the PID controller for the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) and to tune the PI controller of the DFIG speed controller. The balloon effect tool is used to minimize the impact of system load disturbance by increasing the optimizer sensitivity and traceability. The EG-EPS is examined under the influence of a 2% step load perturbation and random load variations using dSPACE DS1006 and real-time digital simulator (RTDS) as a Hard-In-Loop (HIL) test platform. The proposed controller demonstrates superior performance compared to the conventional one in terms of overshoot, undershoot, and stabilizing time.

This paper introduces a Power Electronic Converter (PEC) featuring a medium-frequency AC-link and a non-rectifier stage designed to connect photovoltaic (PV) modules to the grid while extracting the maximum power from the PV array. The proposed system incorporates a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) to mitigate the effects of partial shading. A Three-Level Bidirectional Converter (3LBDC) has been adopted to facilitate battery charging. The 3LBDC converter exhibits minimal ripple in the inductor's current, maintaining the same inductance and frequency values consistent with a traditional boost converter. An Incremental Conductance algorithm is deployed as the Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) on the boost converter, enabling the extraction of available power from the PV system and subsequent injection into either the grid or BESS as necessitated by the conditions. Simulated testing of the entire system indicates that it provides a viable solution for PV-ESS grid-tied applications.

This paper offers a comparative analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPTs) techniques under the spinning conditions for small satellite applications. The Nano Satellite (NanoSat) is constrained on volume and mass with body-mounted solar panels and where it is dedicated to some special orientation scenarios, depending on specific mission requirements. This results in irregular solar irradiance on the PV system; thus, it needs an efficient and effective strategy to extract the maximum power transferred to the loads in the NanoSat Electrical Power System (EPS). While the EPS can be regarded a space microgrid due to control and coordination in a small electric network of distributed generations (DGs), storage, and loads. Therefore, some well-known MPPT techniques are investigated where different scenarios are carried out among conventional Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance (IC), and Ripple Correlation Control (RCC) to highlight the optimal MPPT extractions for NanoSat applications. The system was developed and modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the final findings demonstrate that the RCC provides smooth power compared to other ones, while the other ones offer an oscillated power under the effect of radiations change and spinning conditions for the system under test.

Replacement of conventional generation units with a large number of renewable energy sources RESs causes an undesirable influence to the Egyptian power system EPS frequency stability, excessive supply due to full DGs generation due to the lack of system rotating inertia. The EPS consists of several conventional generation units (i.e., non-reheating, reheating, and hydraulic power plants) with inherent nonlinearities, and RESs (i.e., solar and wind energy). In order to solve this challenge, this paper provides a tertiary modified virtual inertia control loop-based energy storage system ESS as an active solution to improve the EPS stability during contingencies, and diminish the frequency deviations and regulate the power flow. In this method, the ability to imitate damping and inertia properties are presented based on the derivative technique. A comparative study between the conventional EPS with/without virtual (inertia + damping) is also presented. The constructed results using Matlab/Simulink software show the superior effectiveness and control effect of the proposed control method in terms of accurate tracking of the reference frequency and attenuating noise over the traditional one. Finally, it was verified that the auxiliary enhanced virtual inertia mechanism assisted the EPS by suppling further power inertia to robust the frequency against RESs and load demand penetrations.