The quantity and variety of small electronic devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) are steadily increasing, leading to an urgent demand for wireless power supply methods for moving and multiple targets. This article proposes a novel tracking wireless power transfer (WPT) system for moving and multiple targets based on retrodirective array. The system includes a retrodirective power supply subsystem and power receiving targets. The principle of retrodirective system with different frequencies and its performance for multiple targets are analyzed and simulated. Real-time adaptive tracking of moving and multiple targets is achieved by beamforming according to beacon signals. Utilizing different frequencies and polarization enhances isolation between transmitting and receiving, enabling high-power and far-field WPT. A prototype of the proposed system is fabricated and measured. A single power-receiving target can receive a maximum of 24 dBm of 5.8 GHz microwave power at a distance of 5 m. After rectification, it can drive a temperature and humidity sensor and a communication module, allowing for environmental sensing and information feedback. The system can maintain continuous operation of the target while it moves within a wide 3D range of ±60∘. Additionally, continuous power supply with independent tracking for two targets is also achieved, verifying the tracking functionality for multiple targets.

Tissue segmentation in histopathological images plays a crucial role in computational pathology, owing to its significant potential to indicate the prognosis of cancer patients. Presently, numerous Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WSSS) methods strive to utilize image-level labels to achieve pixel-level segmentation, aiming to minimize the need for detailed annotations. Most of these methods rely on Class Activation Maps (CAM) extracted from classification models, frequently leading to poor coverage of objects. The major cause is attributed to the strong inductive bias of the classification model, focusing primarily on discriminative feature of objects, rather than non-discriminative features. Inspired by this, we propose a simple yet effective method that introduces a self-supervised task by exploiting both the discriminative and non-discriminative features, and generate Unbiased Activation Maps (UAM) to encompass the whole object. Specifically, our method entails clustering all spatial features of an object class to derive semantic centers. Each center then works as a spatial filter that amplifies similar feature and suppresses dissimilar feature, and extract high-quality pseudo-labels (some noise at object boundaries). Moreover, we further propose a Noise-Reduced (NR) Learning method to train the segmentation network towards credible signals and lessen the impact of false predictions. Comprehensive experimental results on two public histopathology image datasets demonstrate the superior performance of our method over the state-of-the-art weakly supervised segmentation methods.

Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC), an important component of cloud computing, allows the definition of cloud infrastructure in high-level programs. However, developing IaC programs is challenging, complicated by factors that include the burgeoning complexity of the cloud ecosystem (e.g., diversity of cloud services and workloads), and the relative scarcity of IaC-specific code examples and public repositories. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in general code generation and could potentially aid in IaC development, no benchmarks currently exist for evaluating their ability to generate IaC code. We present IaC-Eval, a first step in this research direction. IaC-Eval's dataset includes 458 human-curated scenarios covering a wide range of popular AWS services, at varying difficulty levels. Each scenario mainly comprises a natural language IaC problem description and an infrastructure intent specification. The former is fed as user input to the LLM, while the latter is a general notion used to verify if the generated IaC program conforms to the user's intent; by making explicit the problem's requirements that can encompass various cloud services, resources and internal infrastructure details. Our in-depth evaluation shows that contemporary LLMs perform poorly on IaC-Eval, with the top-performing model, GPT-4, obtaining a pass@1 accuracy of 19.36%. In contrast, it scores 86.6% on EvalPlus, a popular Python code generation benchmark, highlighting a need for advancements in this domain. We open-source the IaC-Eval dataset and evaluation framework at https://github.com/autoiac-project/iac-eval to enable future research on LLM-based IaC code generation.

Tumor cell detection plays a vital role in immunohistochemistry (IHC) quantitative analysis. While recent remarkable developments in fully-supervised deep learning have greatly contributed to the efficiency of this task, the necessity for manually annotating all cells of specific detection types remains impractical. Obviously, if we directly use full supervision to train these datasets, it can cause error in loss calculation due to the misclassification of unannotated cells as background. To address this issue, we observe that although some cells are omitted during the annotation process, these unannotated cells have a significant feature similarity with the annotated ones. Leveraging this characteristic, we propose a novel calibrated loss named Semantic Energy Loss (SEL). Specifically, our SEL automatically adjusts the loss to be lower for unannotated regions with similar semantic to the labeled ones, while penalizing regions with lager semantic difference. Besides, to prevent all regions from having similar semantics during training, we propose Stretched Feature Loss (SFL) that widen the semantic distance. We evaluate our method on two different IHC datasets and achieve significant performance improvements in both sparse and exhaustive annotation scenarios. Furthermore, we also validate that our method holds significant potential for detecting multiple types of cells. Our code is available at here.

Although deep convolution neural networks (DC-NNs) can achieve remarkable success on medical image segmentation, their performance might significantly deteriorate when confronting testing data with the new distribution. Recent studies suggest that one major cause of this issue is the strong inductive bias of DCNNs, which towards image styles (e.g., superficial texture) that are sensitive to change, instead of the invariant content (e.g., object shapes). Inspired by this, we propose a novel method, named Invariant Content Synergistic Learning (ICSL), to improve the generalization ability of DCNNs on unseen data by controlling the inductive bias. Specifically, ICSL first mixes the style of training instances to perturb the training distribution, so that more diverse domains or styles would be made available for training DCNNs. Then, based on the perturbed distribution, we carefully design a dual-branches invariant content synergistic learning strategy to prevent style-biased predictions and maintain the invariant content. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method over state-of-the-art domain generalization methods on two typical medical segmentation tasks.

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) significantly improve the performance of medical image segmentation. Nevertheless, medical images frequently experience distribution discrepancies, which fails to maintain their robustness when applying trained models to unseen clinical data. To address this problem, domain generalization methods were proposed to enhance the generalization ability of DCNNs. Feature space-based data augmentation methods have proven their effectiveness to improve domain generalization. However, existing methods still mainly rely on certain prior knowledge or assumption, which has limitations in enriching the diversity of source domain data. In this paper, we propose a random feature augmentation (RFA) method to diversify source domain data at the feature level without prior knowledge. Specifically, we explore the effectiveness of random convolution at the feature level for the first time and prove experimentallyt hat itc an adequately preserve domain-invariant information while perturbing domainspecific information. Furthermore, tocapture the same domain-invariant information from the augmented features of RFA, we present a domain-invariant consistent learning strategy to enable DCNNs to learn a more generalized representation. Our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on two medical image segmentation tasks, including optic cup/disc segmentation on fundus images and prostate segmentation on MRI images.

Diagnostic pathology is the foundation and gold standard for identifying carcinomas, and the accurate quantification of pathological images can provide objective clues for pathologists to make more convincing diagnosis. Recently, the encoder-decoder architectures (EDAs) of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used in the analysis of pathological images. Despite the rapid innovation of EDAs, we have conducted extensive experiments based on a variety of commonly used EDAs, and found them cannot handle the interference of complex background in pathological images, making the architectures unable to focus on the regions of interest (RoIs), thus making the quantitative results unreliable. Therefore, we proposed a pathway named GLobal Bank (GLB) to guide the encoder and the decoder to extract more features of RoIs rather than the complex background. Sufficient experiments have proved that the architecture remoulded by GLB can achieve significant performance improvement, and the quantitative results are more accurate.

Accurate and automated gland instance segmentation on histology images can assist pathologists to analyze the malignancy degree of adenocarcinoma. Recently, deep-learning-based segmentation networks have been significantly developed to achieve this goal. However, the gland instances are generally proximate to each other and have indiscernible boundaries (i.e., homogeneous intensity values). Most of the existed networks do not define discriminative boundaries representation as context information, resulting in segmenting proximate instances incorrectly. In this paper, to improve the segmentation accuracy between proximate instances, we propose a Boundary Definition Module to boost boundaries feature representation by the guidance of the intra-and-extra glandular features. Moreover, we propose to use the Gumbel-Softmax distribution estimator to clarify the final prediction of boundaries further. Finally, we embed the Boundary Definition Module and Gumbel-Softmax distribution estimator into the gland instance network(FullNet) for performance verification. Experiments on the 2015 MICCAI Gland Segmentation Challenge dataset demonstrate that our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance.

Computer-aided diagnosis of pathological images usually requires detection and examination of all positive cells and lesions to make an accurate diagnosis. Therefore, there is an unprecedented demand for effective and reliable methods of training pathological detectors than ever. To train a reliable detector, the training dataset is required to fully annotate all positive instances, such a requirement is challenge and laborious, and is not guaranteed in most cases. However, sparse annotations will limit the training performance of detectors. Here, we propose a novel module named Collaborative Correction Sibling (CCS), which is embedded into the original object detection network to enhance the training performance on sparse annotations in a pioneering way. Specifically, instance-level annotations in the image space can be calibrated by positive instances’ spatial features provided by CCS. Extensive experiments have been conducted on both cellular-and-lesion-level detection tasks, compared with the state of the art methods, our CCS demonstrates the training effectiveness on pathological images.

Air pollution is a major hazard to environment and human health. Particle matter with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers (PM25) is a very harmful air pollutant that can penetrate deeply into lungs through human respiratory system. In this paper, we propose an efficient and reliable method to estimate PM25concentration using outdoor images. Firstly, a prior attention block based on gradient features is used to enhance the boundary area between the sky region and the object in a feature map. After that, an embedding layer is applied to encode weather information and fuse it with image features. Finally, a deep neural network model with a novel loss function, F-MSE, is constructed to combine the prediction error of each model level during the training process and to further improve the effectiveness of the presented method. The proposed method was evaluated on a PM2.5dataset with 1,514 images and the experimental results demonstrate that our method outperformed other existing methods.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women in the United States, and it has a much lower five-year survival rate than many other cancers. Accurate survival analysis is urgently needed for better disease diagnosis and treatment management. RESULTS: In this work, we propose a survival analysis system that takes advantage of recently emerging deep learning techniques. The proposed system consists of three major components. 1) The first component is an end-to-end cellular feature learning module using a deep neural network with global average pooling. The learned cellular representations encode high-level biologically relevant information without requiring individual cell segmentation, which is aggregated into patient-level feature vectors by using a locality-constrained linear coding (LLC)-based bag of words (BoW) encoding algorithm. 2) The second component is a Cox proportional hazards model with an elastic net penalty for robust feature selection and survival analysis. 3) The third commponent is a biomarker interpretation module that can help localize the image regions that contribute to the survival model's decision. Extensive experiments show that the proposed survival model has excellent predictive power for a public (i.e., The Cancer Genome Atlas) lung cancer dataset in terms of two commonly used metrics: log-rank test (p-value) of the Kaplan-Meier estimate and concordance index (c-index). CONCLUSIONS: In this work, we have proposed a segmentation-free survival analysis system that takes advantage of the recently emerging deep learning framework and well-studied survival analysis methods such as the Cox proportional hazards model. In addition, we provide an approach to visualize the discovered biomarkers, which can serve as concrete evidence supporting the survival model's decision.

The encoder-decoder architecture of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is widely used in computer vision tasks and various analyses of medical images. However, extracting semantic features from regions of interest (RoIs) in pathological images remains a challenging task because RoIs of different morphologies and scales are embedded in a blurred background. Additionally, it is well known that the classic encoder-decoder architecture is vulnerable to interference from a blurred background and is thus not entirely suitable for precise analysis of pathological images. In this paper, we propose a pathway named global bank (GLB) to guide the encoder and decoder to focus more on the RoIs by providing the decoder with additional effective features of the RoIs. We extend the U-Net and feature pyramid network (FPN) with GLB and evaluate the resulting models on gland segmentation and cancer embolus detection tasks, respectively. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposal can significantly improve the performance of the encoder-decoder architecture. The U-Net with GLB achieves the best semantic segmentation performance on the 2015 MICCAI Gland Challenge dataset. Additionally, the FPN with GLB achieves improvements of 2% in average precision and 3.4% in recall on the embolus detection task.

Fully convolutional networks (FCNs) are powerful methods to extract hierarchies of features that have achieved remarkable success in various biomedical image analysis tasks. However, the successful training of FCN requires more than hundreds of pixel-level annotated training samples, which poses a challenge for biomedical image processing tasks. In this paper, we present S3Net, a network that makes more efficient use of available annotated samples on biomedical image segmentation. S3Net is essentially a deeply-supervised encoder-decoder network where the decoder has been redesigned to efficiently restore multi-level encoded feature resolution in a single step. We have conducted extensive experiments on the 2015 MICCAI Gland Challenge dataset. Compared with other methods, S3Net achieves a 0.781 dice-score using 11 images for training, higher than U-Net++ 18.6% and U-Net 12.9%, which verifies the performance of S3Net trained on a small sample. Further, with training on 85 images, S3Net achieves a 0.910 dice-score by using resnet50 as the encoder, which is higher than state-of-the-art semantic segmentation results by 4%.