In 2020 Blasiok (ACM Trans. Algorithms 16(2) 3:1-3:28) constructed an optimal space streaming algorithm for the cardinality estimation problem with the space complexity of $\mathcal O(\varepsilon^{-2} \ln(δ^{-1}) + \ln n)$ where $\varepsilon$, $δ$ and $n$ denote the relative accuracy, failure probability and universe size, respectively. However, his solution requires the stream to be processed sequentially. On the other hand, there are algorithms that admit a merge operation; they can be used in a distributed setting, allowing parallel processing of sections of the stream, and are highly relevant for large-scale distributed applications. The best-known such algorithm, unfortunately, has a space complexity exceeding $Ω(\ln(δ^{-1}) (\varepsilon^{-2} \ln \ln n + \ln n))$. This work presents a new algorithm that improves on the solution by Blasiok, preserving its space complexity, but with the benefit that it admits such a merge operation, thus providing an optimal solution for the problem for both sequential and parallel applications. Orthogonally, the new algorithm also improves algorithmically on Blasiok's solution (even in the sequential setting) by reducing its implementation complexity and requiring fewer distinct pseudo-random objects.

Abstract Commutative Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are a promising new class of data structures for large-scale shared mutable content in applications that only require eventual consistency. The WithOut Operational Transforms (WOOT) framework is the first CRDT for collaborative text editing introduced by Oster et al. (In: Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). ACM, New York, pp 259–268, 2006a). Its eventual consistency property was verified only for a bounded model to date. While the consistency of many other previously published CRDTs had been shown immediately with their publication, the property for WOOT remained open for 14 years. We use a novel approach identifying a previously unknown sort-key based protocol that simulates the WOOT framework to show its consistency. We formalize the proof using the Isabelle/HOL proof assistant to machine-check its correctness.