The increased deployment of renewable energy in power networks makes it necessary to maintain equilibrium between generation and demand due to their intermittent behavior. However, numerous strategies, including load shedding, load shifting, and energy storage technologies, can also be utilized to meet the increasing demand for load. This article proposes a course of action based on demand response (DR), which prioritizes demand-side monitoring, within the automatic generation control paradigm. A rule-based fractional control scheme with a two-degree-of-freedom topology is developed for the frequency regulation of a deregulated identical hybrid two-area power system in a DR framework. A quasi-oppositional Harris Hawks optimization is investigated along with the proposed controller to tune the controller coefficients adaptively. A thorough examination of the preferred system, including the DR approach, significantly enhances the frequency regulation services and offers a significant improvement over conventional frequency regulation in terms of system dynamics. Research is further enhanced by considering natural random time delay in the DR framework to analyze the dynamic behavior of the system. An experimental evaluation using the OPAL-RT 5700 is presented to verify the practicality of the suggested technique for intermittent sources and loads.

This paper proposes a novel cascaded multilevel inverter (CMLI) structure based on switch capacitor (SC) tech-nology, which is capable of achieving up to 17 levels. The inverter is constructed by cascading two SC-based 9-level MLI basic modules, resulting in a 17-level SC-CMLI structure. The proposed inverter employs a reduced number of power switches, floating capacitors, gate drives, and dc sources, making it easy to implement. The Nearest level Control PWM technique is used to generate the switching pulses for the proposed 17-level CMLI. The proposed inverter is simulated under different modulation indices and dynamic load change conditions. The output voltage waveforms have significantly less total harmonic distortion (THD) content of 5.18%. The theoretical analysis of the proposed inverter is verified using MATLAB/Simulink software. Overall, the results demonstrate that the proposed 17-level SC-CMLI is an efficient and practical solution for high-power applications. This topology can be extended to higher voltage levels.

This research proposes a sensorless Field Oriented Control (FOC) for Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor (PMBLDCM), employing a Continuous Fast Terminal (CFT) Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) which incorporates fault-tolerant operation for low cost electric vehicle. The approach presented here provides a robust quantitative design and execution of the speed controller, and integrates an estimation mechanism for total disturbances, including the effects of iron loss on electromagnetic torque. Initially, the rotor speed dynamics of the PMBLDCM drive system are studied, considering the lumped disruption which encapsulates interference, parametric complexities, and nonlinear dynamics. In this context, the applied Sliding Mode Observer (SMO) controller works to regulate real-time rotor speed and counteract lumped disruptions in rotor speed mechanics, thus ensuring fault-tolerant operation. The FOC scheme is then further enhanced to improve the generated torque while significantly minimizing ripple content. The proposed methodology eases the zero torque-pulsation restriction, thereby broadening the torque operation range. Furthermore, the technique can mitigate torque ripples throughout the complete torque operating spectrum for each reference value of torque. Ultimately, the introduction of the sliding mode control strategy increases the robustness of the PMBLDCM system, ensuring efficient and reliable operation under various disturbance conditions.

In the electric vehicle industry, multilevel inverters (MLIs) are widely used for power conversion in high-power-medium-voltage propulsion drives. The five-level ANPC topology with voltage boosting capability is a promising MLI topology for single-stage solar photovoltaic power conversion. The switching pulses for the MLIs are generated using various PWM techniques. The performance of the five-level boosted ANPC inverter is compared using four distinct unipolar PWM techniques: unipolar sine PWM, unipolar 60◦PWM, unipolar third harmonic injection (THI) PWM, and unipolar zero sequence injection (ZSI) PWM. The performance of these PWM schemes are tested on real-time OPAL-RT platform. Under unipolar THI PWM, the 5L-boosted ANPC outperforms in terms of %THD reduction and higher fundamental output voltage magnitude. Furthermore, the ZSI PWM balances the neutral point potential efficiently.