Open DNS resolvers are infamous contributors to DDoS attacks. Characteristics of open DNS resolvers have been studied in different aspects in the past. However, there is a gap in knowledge on the actual role of open resolvers acting involuntarily as DNS reflectors in DDoS attacks.In this paper, we study DNS reflectors in more than half a million DDoS events using a large-scale DDoS telemetry dataset provided by a DDoS protection service provider with a global footprint. Our findings reveal that while the majority (∼79%) of reflectors misused in attacks are open resolvers capable of delivering large DNS responses, the contribution of reflectors with very small response sizes is not negligible either. Additionally, our analyses reveal that the distribution of misused open resolvers is biased toward certain countries and network operators, likely impacted by the IP churn of reflectors, while in terms of network types, there is no outstanding bias visible in an aggregated view. Finally, comparing the pool of misused open resolvers to the pool of all exposed and potentially abusable resolvers, the latter dwarfs the former, suggesting that the firepower of DNS-based DDoS attacks could substantially increase in the future.

Clouds are likely to be well-provisioned in terms of network capacity by design. The rapid growth of cloud-based services means an increased availability of network infrastructure for all types of customers. However, it could also provide attackers opportunity to misuse cloud infrastructure to bring about attacks, or to target the cloud infrastructure itself.