Adam Štorek, Mukur Gupta, Noopur Bhatt, Aditya Gupta, Janie Kim, Prashast Srivastava, Suman Jana. Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2026.

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for understanding large codebases, but whether they understand operational semantics of long code context or rely on pattern matching shortcuts remains unclear.We distinguish between lexical recall (retrieving code verbatim) and semantic recall (understanding operational semantics).Evaluating 10 state-of-the-art LLMs, we find that while frontier models achieve near-perfect, positionindependent lexical recall, semantic recall degrades severely when code is centrally positioned in long contexts.We introduce semantic recall sensitivity to measure whether tasks require understanding of code's operational semantics vs. permit pattern matching shortcuts.Through a novel counterfactual measurement method, we show that models rely heavily on pattern matching shortcuts to solve existing code understanding benchmarks.We propose a new task SemTrace, which achieves high semantic recall sensitivity through unpredictable operations; LLMs' accuracy exhibits severe positional effects, with median accuracy drops of 92.73% versus CRUXEval's 53.36% as the relevant code snippet approaches the middle of the input code context.Our findings suggest current evaluations substantially underestimate semantic recall failures in long context code understanding. 1

Mukur Gupta, Noopur Bhatt, Suman Jana. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2025.