Real-world vision models in dynamic environments face rapid shifts in domain distributions, leading to decreased recognition performance. Using unlabeled test data, continuous test-time adaptation (CTTA) directly adjusts a pre-trained source discriminative model to these changing domains. A highly effective CTTA method involves applying layer-wise adaptive learning rates for selectively adapting pre-trained layers. However, it suffers from the poor estimation of domain shift and the inaccuracies arising from the pseudo-labels. This work aims to overcome these limitations by identifying layers for adaptation via quantifying model prediction uncertainty without relying on pseudo-labels. We utilize the magnitude of gradients as a metric, calculated by backpropagating the KL divergence between the softmax output and a uniform distribution, to select layers for further adaptation. Subsequently, for the parameters exclusively belonging to these selected layers, with the remaining ones frozen, we evaluate their sensitivity to approximate the domain shift and adjust their learning rates accordingly. We conduct extensive image classification experiments on CIFAR-10C, CIFAR-100C, and ImageNet-C, demonstrating the superior efficacy of our method compared to prior approaches.

3D object detection is fundamentally important for various emerging applications, including autonomous driving and robotics. A key requirement for training an accurate 3D object detector is the availability of a large amount of LiDAR-based point cloud data. Unfortunately, labeling point cloud data is extremely challenging, as accurate 3D bounding boxes and semantic labels are required for each potential object. This paper proposes a unified active 3D object detection framework, for greatly reducing the labeling cost of training 3D object detectors. Our framework is based on a novel formulation of submodular optimization, specifically tailored to the problem of active 3D object detection. In particular, we address two fundamental challenges associated with active 3D object detection: data imbalance and the need to cover the distribution of the data, including LiDAR-based point cloud data of varying difficulty levels. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance with high computational efficiency compared to existing active learning methods. The code is available at [https://github.com/RuiyuM/STONE](https://github.com/RuiyuM/STONE)

In this work, we focus on estimating articulatory movements from acoustic features, known as acoustic-to-articulatory inversion (AAI), for dysarthric patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Unlike healthy subjects, there are two potential challenges involved in AAI on dysarthric speech. Due to speech impairment, the pronunciation of dysarthric patients is unclear and inaccurate, which could impact the AAI performance. In addition, acoustic-articulatory data from dysarthric patients is limited due to the difficulty in the recording. These challenges motivate us to utilize cross-corpus acoustic-articulatory data. In this study, we propose an AAI model by conditioning speaker information using x-vectors at the input, and multi-target articulatory trajectory outputs for each corpus separately. Results reveal that the proposed AAI model shows relative improvements of the Pearson correlation coefficient (CC) by ~13.16% and ~16.45% over a randomly initialized baseline AAI model trained with only dysarthric corpus in seen and unseen conditions, respectively. In the seen conditions, the proposed AAI model outperforms the three baseline AAI models, that utilize the cross-corpus, by ~3.49%, ~6.46%, and ~4.03% in terms of CC.