As Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) advances, secure and user-friendly authentication becomes vital. We evaluated 17 authentication schemes across gaze, gesture, PIN, spatial, and recognition-based categories using a systematic framework focused on effectiveness, security, and usability. Our analysis revealed varied performance and significant gaps requiring standardized methods. For example, Beat-PIN demonstrated strong security with 140-bit entropy, while RubikAuth achieved high usability with authentication times of 1.69 seconds. Gaze-based methods, though innovative, faced accuracy issues. We also observed a preference for schemes like In-Air Handwriting and Things, which balanced security and ease of use. By extending Bonneau et al.'s framework [5] to develop an AR/VR-specific evaluation model, we identified schemes like RubikAuth and Things as particularly promising for AR/VR. This study highlights the strengths and limitations of current methods and emphasizes the need for cross-modal and context-aware techniques to advance AR/VR authentication.

The adoption of Augmented Reality (AR) technology has increased over the years. AR enhances various activities for consumers and businesses, particularly in industrial contexts. The three-dimensional virtual experience is realized by the usage of Head-Mounted Displays (HMD). These devices provide access to sensitive data and services. Thus, secure and usable authentication schemes are essential to control access to the HMD and the stored data as well as schemes to authenticate to the services one wants to use with the AR device. We conducted a systematic literature review on knowledge-based authentication schemes for AR HMD. 31 different schemes were identified. These schemes were assessed regarding various aspects including the type of AR HMD, the type of secret, how users input their secret, as well as usability and security aspects. We discuss gaps for future work.

Abstract Research is increasingly being conducted to identify the benefits provided by the latest developments in the AR/VR domain, which has seen an increase in interest as a result of the stay‐at‐home phenomena in 2020. Of particular interest is the application of AR/VR to education, a discipline that has seen a rapid shift to online modules in 2020. To better understand the advancements in AR/VR enabled education, we conducted a systematic literature review consisting of papers published in the year 2020 that focused on AR/VR in the education sector. We particularly focused on papers where studies have evaluated user perceptions in different countries, academic fields, and at varied educational levels. We found that while most papers conducted user studies and evaluated the technical applications of AR/VR, user perceptions, impact, and awareness were not explored in detail. Our findings highlight trends that can drive critically needed innovations through AR/VR especially to help a globalized digital evolution in the education sector.