Neuromorphic computing has emerged as a revolutionary technology in consumer electronics, with computing-in-memory (CIM) attracting considerable attention for its potential to minimize data transfer. However, most CIM accelerators necessitate numerous digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for mixed-signal data processing, resulting in substantial area and energy overheads. This study introduces a lightweight CIM accelerator, Light-CIM, which operates with fully analog tiles (FANTs) and employs a nonideality-aware algorithm. A FANT consists of one-transistor-one-resistor (1T1R) arrays based on resistive random access memory (RRAM) and customized analog peripheral circuits for data processing. The intratile data computation, transfer, and buffering are all in analog voltage, current, or RRAM resistance, thus eliminating costly DACs and ADCs for intermediate data conversions in conventional CIM accelerators. The fully analog approach significantly reduces power consumption attributed to ADCs, accounting for only 2.5% of the total power consumption. Additionally, a nonideality-aware training algorithm is employed to enhance the robustness of the hardware system. It models and incorporates nonidealities of circuits in software training, including read nonlinearities, mismatches, variations, and noises in the hardware analog data flow. Experimental results demonstrate that Light-CIM achieves accuracy close to software performance in various NN models. Light-CIM accomplishes a compute density of 3.91 TOPS/${\mathrm { mm}}^{2}$and an energy efficiency of 3.08 TOPS/W, both highly competitive compared to state-of-the-art works.

Computing-in-memory (CIM) based on embedded nonvolatile memory (NVM) realizes energy-efficient acceleration of convolution neural network (CNN) with less data movement and high computing parallelism. Because the deployment environments for edge devices are usually subject to changes, it is necessary for the CIM accelerators to support light-weight on-chip training with efficient implementation for environmental adaptation. However, previous CIM accelerators for edge devices mainly realize the inference while the training is performed on cloud. The limited endurance of NVMs hinders the CIM accelerators from supporting on-chip training that involves a large number of weight updates. In this paper, an endurance friendly CIM accelerator based on NVM, EF-CIM, is presented with bit-aware wear-leveling for efficient on-chip training in edge devices. Firstly, the bit split weight mapping (BSWM) splits the multi-bit weights into individual bits and stores them in the array alternately. Then, the bit-aware wear-leveling (BAWL) reduces the NVM updates by using verify write and block switch methods. An EF-CIM accelerator with BSWM and BAWL that is evaluated for 8-bit inputs and weights in the 28nm process achieves ~3.58/3.26 TOPS/W energy efficiency for feed-forward/ back-propagation, 5X lower computing latency. The BAWL also alleviates the wear of NVMs by 40X, achieving high NVM training reliability.

Computing-in-memory (CIM) relieves the Von Neumann bottleneck by storing the weights of neural networks in memory arrays. However, two challenges still exist, hindering the efficient acceleration of convolutional neural networks (CNN) in artificial intelligence (AI) edge devices. Firstly, the activations for sliding window (SW) operations in CNN still bring high memory access pressure. This can be alleviated by increasing the SW parallelism, but simple array replication suffers from poor array utilization and large peripheral circuits overhead. Secondly, the partial sums from individual CIM arrays, which are usually accumulated to obtain the final sum, introduce large latency due to enormous shift-and-add operations. Moreover, high-resolution ADCs are also needed to reduce the quantization error of partial sums, further increasing the hardware costs. In this paper, a hardware-efficient CIM accelerator, ARBiS, is proposed with improved activation reusability and bit-scalable matrix-vector-multiplication (MVM) for CNN acceleration in AI edge applications. The cyclic-shift weight duplication exploits a third dimension of receptive field (RF) depth for SW weight mapping to reduce the memory accesses of activations, improving the array utilization. The parasitic-capacitance charge sharing is employed to realize high-precision analog MVM in order to reduce the ADC cost. Compared with conventional architectures, ARBiS with parallel processing of 9 SW operations achieves 56.6%~58.8% alleviation of memory access pressure. Meanwhile, ARBiS configured with 8-bit ADCs saves 92.53%~94.53% ADC energy consumption. An ARBiS accelerator is evaluated to realize a computational efficiency (CE) of 10.28 (10.43) TOPS/mm2, an energy efficiency (EE) of 91.19 (112.36) TOPS/W with 8-bit (4-bit) ADCs, achieving$11.4\sim 11.7\times $($11.6\sim 11.8\times $),$1.1\sim 3.3\times $($1.4\sim 4\times $) improvements over state-of-the-art works, respectively.