Differences in vocal tract lengths (VTLs) in individual speakers cause variations in acoustic features of phonemes. In this paper, a simple method to estimate speaker-specific VTLs and to quantitatively evaluate some speaker-normalization effects of the VTLs is proposed. We employed accumulated means of formant trajectories to estimate the VTLs of speakers ranging from children to adults. For the formant estimation, the inverse-filter control (IFC) system was used. In the system, the decision of analysis order, which means number of formants to be estimated, is automated. Moreover, to evaluate the speaker-normalization effect of VTLs, we proposed the data reduction method, which can reasonably find dense areas of ellipses from distributions in the formant space. Using these ellipse areas, we evaluated the three normalization effects of VTLs: normalization by the mean of all VTLs as the standard, by speaker-categorical means of VTLs, and by individual VTLs. The area reduced from the standard area of the original data by 39.5% and 46.6% in the case of the categorical means and individual VTLs, respectively. As a result, our proposed method was used to provide a “normalized vowel map (NVM)” that visualizes universal vowel-distributions as a core image of linguistic information. Finally, we compared the estimated VTLs with those by another method based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, using the proposed methods.

Many electronic aids for the hearing impaired have been developed for the purpose of transmitting information as a visible or tactile speech. However, since the performance of such aids used to be individually evaluated with some restricted materials uttered by one or a few speakers, a variety of the results have been obtained even in almost the same kinds of aids. In order to investigate the most useful information to be transmitted, a common method in the assessment should be established. We propose, in this paper, a new method which uses synthetic speech (isolated and connected vowels) as speech materials. In this method, similarity between images obtained with the aids and with the normal auditory sense is adopted as an important factor for the assessment. The similarity is estimated by labelling test using the systematically changed stimuli sets. This method was applied to the four kinds of visual/tactual aids. As a result, the goodness of vowel information transmitted by each aid manifested itself in a general sense.