Various virtual locomotion techniques and visual transition methods are used in VR-based navigation research, yet few studies have systematically examined their effects on spatial learning, cognitive map formation, and navigational performance in complex indoor environments. We conducted a between-subjects study (N=142) in two high-fidelity VR hospital contexts, including free exploration and task-based wayfinding, while treating locomotion and viewpoint transitions as experimental factors. Spatial learning was measured through pointing, distance estimation, and sketch-map accuracy; performance was measured through completion time and distance traveled; and experience was measured through cybersickness, perceived presence, and usability. Locomotion techniques affected task completion time, with teleportation associated with faster performance in the task-based context. Spatial learning effects were mixed, with patterns indicating that techniques without viewpoint transitions may better support cognitive mapping. Empirical insights and guidelines are provided to improve the reliability and real-world applicability of VR-based wayfinding research.

Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly used as a platform for social interaction, including as a means for elders to maintain engagement. However, not many empirical studies have been conducted to examine features of social VR that are most relevant to elders’ experiences. The current study qualitatively analyzed the behavior of older adults in a collaborative VR environment and evaluated aspects of design that affected their engagement outcomes. We paired 36 participants over the age of 60 from three diverse geographic locations to interact in collaborative VR modules. Video-based observation methods and thematic analyses were used to study their interactions. The results indicated a strong link between conversations about personal lives in VR and social engagement, highlighting the need for social VR to encourage users to create their own stories and share their life experiences. The study provides new insights into design guidelines that could improve social VR for older adults.