Yuxia Wang, Rui Xing, Jonibek Mansurov, Giovanni Puccetti, Zhuohan Xie, Minh Ngoc Ta, Jiahui Geng, Jinyan Su, Mervat Abassy, Saadeldine Eletter, Kareem Elozeiri, Nurkhan Laiyk, Maiya Goloburda, Tarek Mahmoud, Raj Vardhan Tomar, Alexander Aziz, Ryuto Koike, Masahiro Kaneko, Artem Shelmanov, Ekaterina Artemova, Vladislav Mikhailov, Akim Tsvigun, Alham Fikri Aji, Nizar Habash, Iryna Gurevych, Preslav Nakov. Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2026.

Ekaterina Artemova, Jason S Lucas, Saranya Venkatraman, Jooyoung Lee, Sergei Tilga, Adaku Uchendu, Vladislav Mikhailov. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2025.

Warning: this work contains upsetting or disturbing content. Large language models (LLMs) tend to learn the social and cultural biases present in the raw pre-training data. To test if an LLM’s behavior is fair, functional datasets are employed, and due to their purpose, these datasets are highly language and culture-specific. In this paper, we address a gap in the scope of multilingual bias evaluation by presenting a bias detection dataset specifically designed for the Russian language, dubbed as RuBia. The RuBia dataset is divided into 4 domains: gender, nationality, socio-economic status, and diverse, each of the domains is further divided into multiple fine-grained subdomains. Every example in the dataset consists of two sentences with the first reinforcing a potentially harmful stereotype or trope and the second contradicting it. These sentence pairs were first written by volunteers and then validated by native-speaking crowdsourcing workers. Overall, there are nearly 2,000 unique sentence pairs spread over 19 subdomains in RuBia. To illustrate the dataset’s purpose, we conduct a diagnostic evaluation of state-of-the-art or near-state-of-the-art LLMs and discuss the LLMs’ predisposition to social biases.

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a fundamental task to extract key information from texts, but annotated resources are scarce for dialects. This paper introduces the first dialectal NER dataset for German, BarNER, with 161K tokens annotated on Bavarian Wikipedia articles (bar-wiki) and tweets (bar-tweet), using a schema adapted from German CoNLL 2006 and GermEval. The Bavarian dialect differs from standard German in lexical distribution, syntactic construction, and entity information. We conduct in-domain, cross-domain, sequential, and joint experiments on two Bavarian and three German corpora and present the first comprehensive NER results on Bavarian. Incorporating knowledge from the larger German NER (sub-)datasets notably improves on bar-wiki and moderately on bar-tweet. Inversely, training first on Bavarian contributes slightly to the seminal German CoNLL 2006 corpus. Moreover, with gold dialect labels on Bavarian tweets, we assess multi-task learning between five NER and two Bavarian-German dialect identification tasks and achieve NER SOTA on bar-wiki. We substantiate the necessity of our low-resource BarNER corpus and the importance of diversity in dialects, genres, and topics in enhancing model performance.

Mainstream cross-lingual task-oriented dialogue (ToD) systems leverage the transfer learning paradigm by training a joint model for intent recognition and slot-filling in English and applying it, zero-shot, to other languages.We address a gap in prior research, which often overlooked the transfer to lower-resource colloquial varieties due to limited test data.Inspired by prior work on English varieties, we craft and manually evaluate perturbation rules that transform German sentences into colloquial forms and use them to synthesize test sets in four ToD datasets.Our perturbation rules cover 18 distinct language phenomena, enabling us to explore the impact of each perturbation on slot and intent performance.Using these new datasets, we conduct an experimental evaluation across six different transformers.Here, we demonstrate that when applied to colloquial varieties, ToD systems maintain their intent recognition performance, losing 6% (4.62 percentage points) in accuracy on average.However, they exhibit a significant drop in slot detection, with a decrease of 31% (21 percentage points) in slot F 1 score.Our findings are further supported by a transfer experiment from Standard American English to synthetic Urban African American Vernacular English.

Ekaterina Taktasheva, Maxim Bazhukov, Kirill Koncha, Alena Fenogenova, Ekaterina Artemova, Vladislav Mikhailov. Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 2024.

We present an approach to evaluate the robustness of pre-trained vision and language (V&L) models to noise in input data. Given a source image/text, we perturb it using standard computer vision (CV) / natural language processing (NLP) techniques and feed it to a V&L model. To track performance changes, we explore the problem of visual questions answering (VQA). Overall, we utilize 5 image and 9 text perturbation techniques and probe three Transformer-based V&L models followed by a broad analysis of their behavior and a detailed comparison. We discovered several key findings regarding the performance of the models in relation to the impact of various perturbations. These discrepancies in performance can be attributed to differences in their architectures and learning objectives. Last, but not least, we perform an empirical study to assess whether the attention mechanism of V&L Transformers learns to align modalities. We hypothesize, that attention weights for related objects and words, should be on average higher than for random object/word pairs. However, our study shows that, unlike is believed for machine translation models, V&L models do not learn alignment at all or exhibit less evidence to do so. This may support the intuition that V&L Transformers overfit to either of the modalities.

Mark Rofin, Vladislav Mikhailov, Mikhail Florinsky, Andrey Kravchenko, Tatiana Shavrina, Elena Tutubalina, Daniel Karabekyan, Ekaterina Artemova. Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 2023.

Linguistic acceptability (LA) attracts the attention of the research community due to its many uses, such as testing the grammatical knowledge of language models and filtering implausible texts with acceptability classifiers.However, the application scope of LA in languages other than English is limited due to the lack of high-quality resources.To this end, we introduce the Russian Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability (RuCoLA), built from the ground up under the well-established binary LA approach.RuCoLA consists of 9.8k indomain sentences from linguistic publications and 3.6k out-of-domain sentences produced by generative models.The out-of-domain set is created to facilitate the practical use of acceptability for improving language generation.Our paper describes the data collection protocol and presents a fine-grained analysis of acceptability classification experiments with a range of baseline approaches.In particular, we demonstrate that the most widely used language models still fall behind humans by a large margin, especially when detecting morphological and semantic errors.We release RuCoLA, the code of experiments, and a public leaderboard 1 to assess the linguistic competence of language models for Russian.

Real-life applications, heavily relying on machine learning, such as dialog systems, demand for out-of-domain detection methods. Intent classification models should be equipped with a mechanism to distinguish seen intents from unseen ones so that the dialog agent is capable of rejecting the latter and avoiding undesired behavior. However, despite increasing attention paid to the task, the best practices for out-of-domain intent detection have not yet been fully established. This paper conducts a thorough comparison of out-of-domain intent detection methods. We prioritize the methods, not requiring access to out-of-domain data during training, gathering of which is extremely time- and labor-consuming due to lexical and stylistic variation of user utterances. We evaluate multiple contextual encoders and methods, proven to be efficient, on three common datasets for intent classification, expanded with out-of-domain utterances. Our main findings show that fine-tuning Transformer-based encoders on in-domain data leads to superior results. Mahalanobis distance, together with utterance representations, derived from Transformer-based encoders, outperform other methods by a wide margin(1-5% in terms of AUROC) and establish new state-of-the-art results for all datasets. The broader analysis shows that the reason for success lies in the fact that the fine-tuned Transformer is capable of constructing homogeneous representations of in-domain utterances, revealing geometrical disparity to out of domain utterances. In turn, the Mahalanobis distance captures this disparity easily.

Artem Shelmanov, Dmitri Puzyrev, Lyubov Kupriyanova, Denis Belyakov, Daniil Larionov, Nikita Khromov, Olga Kozlova, Ekaterina Artemova, Dmitry V. Dylov, Alexander Panchenko. Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Main Volume. 2021.

Laida Kushnareva, Daniil Cherniavskii, Vladislav Mikhailov, Ekaterina Artemova, Serguei Barannikov, Alexander Bernstein, Irina Piontkovskaya, Dmitri Piontkovski, Evgeny Burnaev. Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 2021.

Sub-tasks of intent classification, such as robustness to distribution shift, adaptation to specific user groups and personalization, out-ofdomain detection, require extensive and flexible datasets for experiments and evaluation.As collecting such datasets is time-and laborconsuming, we propose to use text generation methods to gather datasets.The generator should be trained to generate utterances that belong to the given intent.We explore two approaches to generating task-oriented utterances.In the zero-shot approach, the model is trained to generate utterances from seen intents and is further used to generate utterances for intents unseen during training.In the oneshot approach, the model is presented with a single utterance from a test intent.We perform a thorough automatic, and human evaluation of the dataset generated utilizing two proposed approaches.Our results reveal that the attributes of the generated data are close to original test sets, collected via crowd-sourcing.

The existing dialogue summarization corpora are significantly extractive.We introduce a methodology for dataset extractiveness evaluation and present a new low-extractive corpus of movie dialogues for abstractive text summarization along with baseline evaluation.The corpus contains 153k dialogues and consists of three parts: 1) automatically aligned subtitles, 2) automatically aligned scenes from scripts, and 3) manually aligned scenes from scripts.We also present an alignment algorithm which we use to construct the corpus. 1

Tatiana Shavrina, Alena Fenogenova, Emelyanov Anton, Denis Shevelev, Ekaterina Artemova, Valentin Malykh, Vladislav Mikhailov, Maria Tikhonova, Andrey Chertok, Andrey Evlampiev. Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 2020.

Applications such as machine translation, speech recognition, and information retrieval require efficient handling of noun compounds as they are one of the possible sources for out of vocabulary words. In-depth processing of noun compounds requires not only splitting them into smaller components (or even roots) but also the identification of instances that should remain unsplitted as they are of idiomatic nature. We develop a two-fold deep learning-based approach of noun compound splitting and idiomatic compound detection for the German language that we train using a newly collected corpus of annotated German compounds. Our neural noun compound splitter operates on a sub-word level and outperforms the current state of the art by about 5%

Disambiguation of word senses in context is easy for humans, but is a major challenge for automatic approaches. Sophisticated supervised and knowledge-based models were developed to solve this task. However, (i) the inherent Zipfian distribution of supervised training instances for a given word and/or (ii) the quality of linguistic knowledge representations motivate the development of completely unsupervised and knowledge-free approaches to word sense disambiguation (WSD). They are particularly useful for under-resourced languages which do not have any resources for building either supervised and/or knowledge-based models. In this paper, we present a method that takes as input a standard pre-trained word embedding model and induces a fully-fledged word sense inventory, which can be used for disambiguation in context. We use this method to induce a collection of sense inventories for 158 languages on the basis of the original pre-trained fastText word embeddings by Grave et al., (2018), enabling WSD in these languages. Models and system are available online.