Efficient pricing mechanisms are critical for optimizing water consumption, managing demand, and promoting equitable resource distribution. This paper presents a Time-of-Use (TOU) dynamic pricing model integrated with Blockchain Technology (BT) to address these challenges. The proposed model categorizes time into Peak, Off-Peak, and Shoulder hours, applying distinct pricing tiers responsive to demand fluctuations, further refined through seasonal adjustments and demand constraints to support sustainability and regulatory compliance. Implemented on the Polygon blockchain - chosen for its low transaction cost, high scalability, and ethereum compatibility - the framework leverages Smart Contracts (SC) for secure, transparent and automated real-time pricing adjustments. Full on-chain data storage eliminates off-chain dependencies, ensuring data integrity and traceability throughout the water supply chain. Pseudonymous blockchain identities maintain user privacy while providing full auditability via immutable on-chain records. Security vulnerabilities such as input manipulation, arithmetic overflows, and unauthorized access receive proactive mitigation through secure coding practices, role-based access control, and logic constraints. Performance evaluation using the k6 load testing tool under simulated real-world conditions shows robust system behavior: response times ranged from 2.14s to 5.64s, with the 90th and 95th percentiles at 3.5s and 4.26s, respectively. Latency ranged from 5.96ms (median) to 49.54ms (95th percentile), validating the system’s responsiveness, scalability, and reliability under concurrent user requests. The test results further highlight the system’s ability to handle concurrent user requests efficiently, demonstrating reliable performance under simulated varying workloads.

Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) are gaining considerable attention to reduce human dependence on fossil fuels and minimize harmful gases in our surroundings. Existing literature on energy trading focused on providing renewable energy to smart homes, smart buildings, and smart offices to fulfill their daily energy demands obtained from RESs. Besides, Electric Vehicles (EVs) use either power grid energy or a battery exchange mechanism to recharge their low EV batteries. The continuous use of power grids to recharge low EV batteries causes a significant load on power grids. Due to this, power grids are inadequate to fulfill the ever-increasing demands of EVs in the future. In this context, we propose a Blockchain Enabled Energy Trading (BEET) framework oriented EV charging. A system architecture of the BEET framework is presented to describe the functioning of each layer and its associated entities. We formulate an optimization problem that maximizes the revenue in the energy trading process using a knapsack optimization. Smart contracts are designed on the consortium blockchain network to sell and buy renewable energy to aggregators and from producers, respectively. Moreover, an EV charging mechanism is designed to intelligently allocate renewable energy to consumers at a low price. A comparative analysis is performed with state-of-the-art works in terms of charging price, revenue, throughput, and latency. The results indicate that the BEET framework outperforms compared to state-of-the-art works to address the renewable energy demand problem to realize E-mobility. It is clarified that the data considered in the experimental analysis were obtained from statistical simulations in realistic E-Mobility environment settings.

Smart fire detection and insurance systems have gained considerable attention from researchers and industries. At the same time, automatic requests for fire brigade services to cure fire and instant claims settlement to defend insurance fraud are lacking in literatures. We propose a trusted fire brigade service and insurance claim (FLAME) framework using blockchain for enterprises to provide immediate fire brigade services and prevent insurance frauds. A system model is presented to explain architecture, and overall functionality of FLAME using blockchain. Further, a sensing network and connectivity model is proposed to detect true fire and send an emergency service request to monitoring station. Smart contracts are designed to automate fire brigade service and insurance claim processes. A prototype of the FLAME is implemented on hyperledger besu blockchain using Istanbul Byzantine Fault Tolerance 2.0 consensus protocol. Simulation results show that latency and throughput of the FLAME are better compared to state-of-the-art models.