This paper compares the power consumption of Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 5G Non-Standalone (5G-NSA), 5G-Standalone (5G-SA), and private 5G-SA networks at two locations. Our findings reveal that 5G-NSA consumes 92% to 111% more energy than LTE, while 5G-SA consumes 79% more. Although 5G-SA is 6.5% more efficient than 5G-NSA, both are less efficient than LTE. Notably, private 5G-SA is 63% more energy-efficient than public 5G-SA. These results highlight the need for optimized network design and technology selection based on specific use case requirements to ensure energy-efficient mobile communication.

Contemporary tools used to monitor railway points and crossings are ineffective. Routine inspections of these critical parts are still being performed manually by specially-trained inspectors. This creates higher expenditure and makes infrastructure difficult to maintain. With the expected further expansion of the railway network, this exerts increased pressure on infrastructure managers to ensure safe and predictable traffic. Hence there is a need for inexpensive and reliable condition-based maintenance systems. This paper describes an autonomous, near-real-time system built to this effect. It is based on acceleration measurements of train-track interaction, when the train is present. Using a wireless sensor network (WSN), data are aggregated over the Internet of Things (IoT) low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) structure into the Internet, where the big-data post-processing is performed. The performance and suitability of this system were evaluated on tracks in real traffic conditions and were found to be potentially beneficial for this sector. The system was built over a three-year period as part of the DESTinationRAIL H2020 EU-project.

The solution that this paper presents is a low-cost and platform independent system for testing real-time systems. The testing system is designed to perform several kinds of tests with focus on thread and interrupt testing. The tester targets a generic System Under Test that operates using a real-time operating system or a bare-metal environment. The tester's high cusomizability and ease-of-use, in addition to being very affordable compared to other solution, makes it especially suitable to be used in education environments and labs.

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of remote inspections using a robot in a laboratory experiment. The experiment differs from most human-robot interaction experiments in its direct comparison of manned and robotic operations. 21 participants each performed three manned inspections and three inspections with each of the two remote inspection methods, teleoperated and assisted. The effectiveness was measured based on the number of errors they were able to identify. Teleoperated inspections were found to be less effective than manned, although this difference was not statistical significant. Assisted inspections, implemented as an interactive simulation prototype representing a robot with higher autonomy, had similar effectiveness as manned. Because of the time and high cost required for manned inspections of offshore wind turbines, remote inspection can give a large economic benefit. However, this will only be a viable alternative if the robot system is inexpensive and remote inspections are as effective for identifying errors as manned inspections, which the experiment presented here suggests.

This paper describes how an efficient and deterministic multitasking run-time environment supporting the Ravenscar tasking model of Ada 2005 was implemented on the Atmel AVR32 UC3A microcontroller. The open source GNU Ada Compiler (GNAT GPL 2007) was also ported to AVR32 as a part of this work, making a working Ada development environment available on the architecture for the first time.

This paper describes how a wireless sensor network (WSN) was deployed at the Gullfaks offshore Oil & Gas facility in the North Sea. At the Gullfaks field, decline in flow line pressure occasionally causes loss of flow from wells. This is not readily detected, and leads to large financial losses. The installation and maintenance of a traditional detection system is costly, complex and requires a production shutdown. In this case, a wireless temperature sensor network was chosen to predict the loss of flow from a well. Before deployment, the solution was tested in a semi- industrial environment to ensure that it fulfilled all requirements. The conclusion is that the described WSN solution enabled quick, relatively inexpensive and reliable detection of lost flow, thus enabling prompt action to re-establish this.

In many systems, passive replication is used as a method for fault tolerance. A problem with using passive replication in real-time systems is that it can be difficult to analyze the time used by the system if a fault should occur. In this paper, we present a general mathematical model for the run-time distribution of a method in a fault tolerant system where a passive replication technique is used. The model gives this distribution as a function of the run-time distribution of the method in a fault-free system. We also demonstrate how this can be used to compute the probability of a missed deadline in a simple fault-tolerant system.