Large Language Model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems show promise for automating real-world tasks but struggle to transfer across domains due to their domain-specific nature. Current approaches face two critical shortcomings: they require complete architectural redesign and full retraining of all components when applied to new domains. We introduce **Workforce**, a hierarchical multi-agent framework that decouples strategic planning from specialized execution through a modular architecture comprising: *(i)* a *domain-agnostic* **Planner** for task decomposition, *(ii)* a **Coordinator** for subtask management, and *(iii)* specialized **Workers** with *domain-specific* tool-calling capabilities. This decoupling enables cross-domain transferability during both inference and training phases: During inference, Workforce seamlessly adapts to new domains by adding or modifying worker agents; For training, we introduce **Optimized Workforce Learning (OWL)**, which improves generalization across domains by optimizing a domain-agnostic planner with reinforcement learning from real-world feedback. To validate our approach, we evaluate Workforce on the GAIA benchmark, covering various realistic, multi-domain agentic tasks. Experimental results demonstrate Workforce achieves open-source state-of-the-art performance (**69.70%**), outperforming commercial systems like OpenAI's Deep Research by **2.34%**. More notably, our OWL-trained 32B model achieves **52.73%** accuracy (**+16.37%**) and demonstrates performance comparable to GPT-4o on challenging tasks. To summarize, by enabling scalable generalization and modular domain transfer, our work establishes a foundation for the next generation of general-purpose AI assistants. *Our code is available at [Anonymous URL](https://anonymous.4open.science/r/annonymous-owl/), and our data is available at [Anonymous URL](https://huggingface.co/anonymous21016).*

Existing benchmarks for evaluating the security risks and capabilities (e.g., vulnerability detection) of code-generating large language models (LLMs) face several key limitations:(1) limited coverage of risk and capabilities;(2) reliance on static evaluation metrics such as LLM judgments or rule-based detection, which lack the precision of dynamic analysis; and(3) a trade-off between data quality and benchmark scale.To address these challenges, we introduce a general and scalable benchmark construction framework that begins with manually validated, high-quality seed examples and expands them via targeted mutations.Each mutated sample retains the seed’s security semantics while providing diverse, unseen instances. The resulting benchmark bundles every artifact required for dynamic evaluation, including prompts, vulnerable and patched code, test cases, and ground-truth proofs of concept, enabling rigorous measurement of insecure coding, vulnerability detection, and patch generation. Applying this framework to Python, C/C++, and Java, we build SECODEPLT, a dataset of more than 5.9k samples spanning 44 CWE-based risk categories and three security capabilities. Compared with state-of-the-art benchmarks, SECODEPLT offers broader coverage, higher data fidelity, and substantially greater scale. We use SECODEPLT to evaluate leading code-generation LLMs and agents, revealing their strengths and weaknesses in both generating secure code and identifying or fixing vulnerabilities.We provide our code in \url{https://github.com/ucsb-mlsec/SeCodePLT}, data in \url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/UCSB-SURFI/SeCodePLT}

Recent studies developed jailbreaking attacks, which construct jailbreaking prompts to "fool" LLMs into responding to harmful questions. Early-stage jailbreaking attacks require access to model internals or significant human efforts. More advanced attacks utilize genetic algorithms for automatic and black-box attacks. However, the random nature of genetic algorithms significantly limits the effectiveness of these attacks. In this paper, we propose RLbreaker, a black-box jailbreaking attack driven by deep reinforcement learning (DRL). We model jailbreaking as a search problem and design an RL agent to guide the search, which is more effective and has less randomness than stochastic search, such as genetic algorithms. Specifically, we design a customized DRL system for the jailbreaking problem, including a novel reward function and a customized proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that RLbreaker is much more effective than existing jailbreaking attacks against six state-of-the-art (SOTA) LLMs. We also show that RLbreaker is robust against three SOTA defenses and its trained agents can transfer across different LLMs. We further validate the key design choices of RLbreaker via a comprehensive ablation study.

Multi-modal clustering aims at finding a clustering structure shared by the data of different modalities in an unsupervised way. Currently, solving this problem often relies on two assumptions: i) the multi-modal data own the same latent distribution, and ii) the observed multi-modal data are well-aligned and without any missing modalities. Unfortunately, these two assumptions are often questionable in practice and thus limit the feasibility of many multi-modal clustering methods. In this work, we develop a new multi-modal clustering method based on the Gromovization of optimal transport distance, which relaxes the dependence on the above two assumptions. In particular, given the data of different modalities, whose correspondence is unknown, our method learns the Gromov-Wasserstein (GW) barycenter of their kernel matrices. Driven by the modularity maximization principle, the GW barycenter helps to explore the clustering structure shared by different modalities. Moreover, the GW barycenter is associated with the GW distances between the different modalities to the clusters, and the optimal transport plans corresponding to the GW distances help to achieve the alignment and the clustering of the multi-modal data jointly. Experimental results show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art multi-modal clustering methods, especially when the data are (partially or completely) unaligned. The code is available at https://github.com/rucnyz/GWMAC.