While discounted payoff games and classic games that reduce to them, like parity and mean-payoff games, are symmetric, their solutions are not. We have taken a fresh view on the properties that optimal solutions need to have, and devised a novel way to converge to them, which is entirely symmetric. We achieve this by building a constraint system that uses every edge to define an inequation, and update the objective function by taking a single outgoing edge for each vertex into account. These edges loosely represent strategies of both players, where the objective function intuitively asks to make the inequation to these edges sharp. In fact, where they are not sharp, there is an `error' represented by the difference between the two sides of the inequation, which is 0 where the inequation is sharp. Hence, the objective is to minimise the sum of these errors. For co-optimal strategies, and only for them, it can be achieved that all selected inequations are sharp or, equivalently, that the sum of these errors is zero. While no co-optimal strategies have been found, we step-wise improve the error by improving the solution for a given objective function or by improving the objective function for a given solution. This also challenges the gospel that methods for solving payoff games are either based on strategy improvement or on value iteration. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2310.01008

Abstract. Given a graph [Formula: see text] and an integer [Formula: see text], let [Formula: see text] denote the minimum number of colors required to color the edges of [Formula: see text] such that, in each color class, the subgraph induced by the edges of that color has all nonzero degrees congruent to 1 modulo [Formula: see text]. In 1992, Pyber proved that [Formula: see text] for every graph [Formula: see text], and posed the question of whether [Formula: see text] can be bounded solely in terms of [Formula: see text] for every [Formula: see text]. This question was answered in 1997 by Scott, who showed that [Formula: see text], and further asked whether [Formula: see text]. Recently, Botler, Colucci, and Kohayakawa (2023) answered Scott’s question affirmatively proving that [Formula: see text], and conjectured that the multiplicative constant could be reduced to 1. A step towards this latter conjecture was made in 2024 by Nweit and Yang, who improved the bound to [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we further improve the multiplicative constant to 9. More specifically, we prove that there is a function [Formula: see text] for which [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] is odd, and [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] is even. In doing so, we prove that [Formula: see text] for every [Formula: see text]-degenerate graph [Formula: see text], which plays a central role in our proof.