The in-depth exploration and development of knowledge organization methodologies tailored to the unique characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has become a pivotal issue in advancing the modernization of TCM knowledge systems and fostering scientific innovation. Through systematic review and analysis of existing TCM knowledge organization research, this study identifies current limitations. It proposes exploring integrated approaches for integrating ancient and contemporary TCM knowledge within existing classical text repositories, constructing theoretical knowledge bases, conducting ontological mapping studies between historical and modern TCM knowledge, and developing efficient human-machine collaborative annotation methods to build knowledge graphs. These initiatives aim to provide actionable strategies for optimizing TCM knowledge organization frameworks.

Objective By applying data mining technology, this study collects, organizes, and researches the ancient prescriptions for treating palpitations in the “Chinese Formula Database”, analyzes their medication rules, and provides references for modern clinical medication and new drug research and development. Methods First, the medical records related to palpitations in the database were screened, and a Microsoft Excel dataset was created. Then, the”Ancient and Modern Medical Case Cloud Platform” was used to conduct frequency statistics on the drugs, as well as their properties, flavors, meridian tropisms and efficacies. Finally, IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0 and IBM SPSS Statistics 25 data-processing software were applied to perform association rule analysis and cluster analysis on high-frequency drugs (frequency$>100$, rate$> 0.85 \%$), so as to explore the compatibility rules among them. Results A total of$\mathbf{1, 1 5 7}$prescriptions were included, involving 639 kinds of drugs. Renshen had the highest frequency of use; drugs with warm property and sweet flavor were used most frequently; drugs that enter the spleen meridian were the most common; and drugs with the effect of calming the mind and improving intelligence had the highest frequency of use. Through association rule analysis and cluster analysis,$\mathbf{1 5}$groups of core drug pairs and 4 groups of core drug combinations were obtained. Conclusion Most ancient prescriptions for treating palpitations adopt four therapeutic approaches: promoting fluid production and nourishing blood, replenishing qi and consolidating the root, simultaneous treatment of the heart and spleen, and drying dampness and resolving phlegm. These approaches accurately correspond to the core pathogeneses of palpitations, namely, malnutrition of the heart spirit, deficiency of qi and blood, and phlegm stasis disturbing the heart.

Objective To develop a unified and standardised metadata framework for ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine, aiming to achieve standardised and regulated management of such resources. This initiative seeks to enhance the efficiency of managing and utilising ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine while providing a scientific guideline for their description. Methods Using literature review, comparative analysis, and expert consultation methods, this study analyzes and compares the current state of ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine metadata and relevant domestic and international standards. Based on the Dublin Core Element Set (DC) as the basic framework and tailored to the characteristics of ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine, it proposes a research idea and framework for ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine metadata standards. Results This study proposes the research ideas and principles of metadata standards for ancient Chinese medicine books centered on the knowledge system of traditional Chinese medicine, clearly stipulates the objects and information sources of ancient Chinese medicine book resources, constructs a metadata structure model and hierarchical relationship including core metadata, extended metadata and element modifiers, and defines the core metadata elements. Conclusion The metadata standard for ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine will facilitate the integration and sharing of ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine resources, thereby advancing the inheritance and development of traditional Chinese medicine knowledge.

To analyze the discrimination and treatment of "Cold-Dampness Depression Lung Syndrome" of COVID-19 in TCM classics. Methods: Using the mathematical statistics and data mining methods to sort and analyze information of prescriptions treating "Cold-Dampness Depression Lung Syndrome" of COVID-19 in TCM classics. Results: 50 ancient prescriptions with therapeutic effects were selected, contain contain 125 traditional Chinese medicines, and the top 5 are Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix Rhizoma), Banxia(Pinelliae Rhizoma), Renshen (Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma), Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) and Chenpi(Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) in order of frequency of use. The meridians of the medicines are mainly lung meridian, spleen meridian and stomach meridian, and the properties of the medicines are mostly warm, followed by mlid and lukewarm. The main medicinal pairs are Jiegeng (platycodonis Radix)-Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix Rhizoma), Baishao (Paeoniae Radix Alba)-Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix Rhizoma),Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba)-Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix Rhizoma),Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma)- Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix Rhizoma) and Cangnzhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma)-Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix Rhizoma).Conclusion: By analysing the ancient prescriptions with potential treatment for "Cold-Dampness Depression Lung Syndrome" of COVID-19, we found high-frequency medicines and medicinal pairs, and had a more comprehensive understanding of the treatment of COVID-19, can provide a reference for the research of COVID-19 specific medicines.

Objective To address the issues in named entity recognition (NER) in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), this study proposes a method for identifying entities in TCM herbal literature; Methods We identify and describe the types of knowledge entities and entity relationships involved in herbal literature. We apply the BIO sequence labeling method to generate a training corpus dataset and use our self-developed CNLP text annotation system for text annotation. The Bert model is employed for recognizing named entities; Results The Bert model achieved entity recognition results for various entities in TCM herbal literature with precision (P) of 71.49%, recall (R) of 72.33%, and F1 score of 71.91%; Conclusion The Bert model demonstrates a certain level of applicability in recognizing various entities in TCM herbal literature. This model is helpful in extracting valuable structured information from a large volume of text data.

Objective: To analyze the differentiation and treatment principles of Swollen-head Infection in TCM classics. Methods: Ancient medical case data related to warm diseases were selected as the data source, and the standard principles of data extraction were formulated. Data mining methods such as mathematical statistics, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and association rules were used to systematically sort out and analyze the etiology, location, syndrome, treatment, formulations and other information of Swollen-head Infection. Results: Swollen-head Infection is primarily attributed to pathogenic wind and heat toxins. The significance of "Li Qi" (Epidemic pathogen) should be emphasized.The disease primarily affects the head, and the pathogenic factors tend to linger in the lung-defense. The clinical manifestations are closely related to the affected area of the head, often accompanied by other systemic symptoms. The treatment approach commonly involves combining internal and external therapies. Combinations of herbs such as Xuanshen (Scrophulariae Radix)-Lianqiao (Forsythiae Fructus), Xuanshen (Scrophulariae Radix)-Huangqin(Scutellariae Radix), Jiegeng(Platycodonis Radix)-Lianqiao (Forsythiae Fructus), Jiegeng(Platycodonis Radix)-Huangqin(Scutellariae Radix), Chaihu(Bupleuri Radix)- Jiegeng(Platycodonis Radix), and Chaihu(Bupleuri Radix)- Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma) are notable for their abilities to clear heat, detoxify, disperse wind, and eliminate pathogenic factors. Additionally, Puji Xiaodu Yin and its modifications are considered essential medications for treating Swollen-head Infection. Conclusion: Through the data mining of the rules of syndrome and prescription of Swollen-head Infection in ancient books of warm diseases, to provide reference for the differentiation and treatment of head and face swelling and poison infectious diseases.