The technical standards are employed in everyday tasks, such as connecting to the internet or to nearby devices. The process to learn a new technical standard is difficult and needs time, as the standards have complex documentation that needs to be understood and comprehended. Based on that, a new proposed Web-based educational tool for e-learning has been developed to allow students and professors to speed up the learning curve for the IEEE 1451 family of standards using an interactive method, where the users fill in the fields with some inputs, and the tool shows its results in real time. This tool enables users to learn the IEEE 1451 Transducer Electronic Data Sheets (TEDS), the network service and transducer service messages from the IEEE 1451 Application (APP) to the IEEE 1451 Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP) and the NCAP to the Transducer Interface Module (TIM), respectively. The tool has been tested in the last two years by IEEE 1451 community members, professors, and students. Initial feedback suggests that this Web-based tool enhances the learning process and a deeper understanding of the IEEE 1451 family of standards, offering a promising approach to technical standards education.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is highly heterogeneous regarding smart sensors/devices, connectivity, communication protocols, and data formats. The major challenges of IoT ecosystems are fragmentation (or disintegration) and cross-domain interoperability. To overcome the challenges of interoperability, standardized interfaces and protocols, harmonized interactions, and interoperability testing are essential. This paper introduces a harmonization model of interactions among IoT devices with diverse interfaces/connectivity and communication protocols to achieve interoperability by harmonizing their interactions. A harmonization implementation of interactions of the IEEE 1451-based IoT devices and MODBUS devices has been provided in the paper to test and verify that the proposed harmonization model works well. This harmonization model and implementation of interactions among IoT devices will provide a solid foundation for the IEEE P1451.99 standard specification.

This paper presents a new method for discovering Connected Things in a universal way. The method is designed to be used in all kinds of networks, from the smallest sensor networks to the largest interconnected cloud networks. The method allows different technologies to identify entities in different ways. It allows for full or partial identification. It does not rely on collecting information into central repositories, whether such repositories reside on central nodes, or are mirrored on distributed nodes, such as in a distributed ledger of blockchain type or similar. Instead, the method presented relies on local governance of local information and interoperability between nodes across the Internet for finding entities.

Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems are highly heterogeneous regarding smart sensors/devices, connectivity, communication protocols, data formats, and platforms. The major challenges of IoT ecosystems are fragmentation or disintegration and cross-domain interoperability. The Web of Things (WoT) integrates the IoT with Web technologies to address these IoT challenges. Semantic WoT (SWoT) integrates the WoT with Semantic Web technologies to achieve semantic interoperability of IoT ecosystems. Aiming to promote semantic communication, thus achieving semantic interoperability of the IEEE 1451.0based sensor networks for IoT applications, this paper introduces the IEEE 1451.0-based WoT ontology. An IEEE 1451.0-based WoT thing model is developed based on the combination of the IoT thing capability model and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) WoT thing model. The IEEE 1451.0-based WoT thing model consists of identification and context, behaviors, properties and data schema, security, time synchronization and protocol bindings for IEEE 1451 WoT Things – e.g., network-capable application processors (NCAP), application (APP), transducer interface modules (TIM), and smart transducers (sensors and/or actuators). A WoT thing description (TD) example of an IEEE 1451.0-based smart sensor is provided in the paper to verify the developed IEEE 1451.0-based WoT ontology.

The world of Internet of Things (IoT) is comprised of a multitude of incompatible islands, separated by different protocols and communication patterns. Harmonizing these different islands while ensuring security and data ownership in such heterogeneous networks is complex and requires a well-defined network architecture together with a commonly agreed standard not aiming to substitute them, but allowing them to coexist in an interoperable ecosystem. This position paper describes how IEEE P1451.99 IoT standard, together with the eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), can be used to bridge in real-time these seemingly incompatible islands thus achieving the harmonization of IoT; all of this regardless of underlying technologies, while also promoting the seamless integration of the IEEE 1451 family of standards-based devices. XMPP is standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and provides an open and free alternative to commercial or bespoke middleware platforms. XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF) provides standardization of extensions for XMPP, that are widely in use. XMPP also provides a method to inject trust on which security decisions can be made, in globally scalable and decentralized networks, letting users play a central role in data ownership. Using this trust, moreover, resources can be monetized, promoting interoperation and guaranteeing a level of privacy that may extend up to sensitive data management.

Wireless sensors networks enable the chance to investigate with enhanced freedom physical phenomena, aiming to increase the informative content obtained by sensors measurements. In this work we will focus on a system allowing to experimentally measure pressure profiles obtained from sensor nodes deployed on a NACA0012 aircraft wing model. By exploiting measurements gathered from sensors, allowing to measure pressure fluctuations of ±600Pa with a resolution of 4Pa, together with results obtained by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models, the system enables extracting flow profile, thus obtaining information on flow separation and stall phenomenon. Wireless measures are delivered with an enhanced version of IEEE802.15.4e, allowing to decrease power consumption by a factor of 7. Packet routing, based on Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), has been improved by means of a newly introduced Lifetime and Latency Aggregatable Metric (L2AM) leading to a 18% increased network lifetime.

In the recent past, we witnessed to a dramatic growth of networks with a huge number of interconnected wireless nodes exchanging large amounts of information. This has brought to the need of ad-hoc, energy-aware protocols suitable for low-power and lossy networks. Among these, Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is surely one of the most interesting ones. It chooses the optimal routes from a source to a destination node, based on specific metrics. In this work we present a RPL compliant composite metric that considers both reliability and energy. Its aim is twofold. First, it realizes energy consumption balancing, so that each node tends to consume the same amount of energy of all the others, thus prolonging the overall network lifetime. Second, it takes into account data reliability along the paths, expressed by the well known Expected Transmission Count (ETX). The effectiveness of the proposed metric is confirmed by some interesting simulation results, that strongly encourage a deeper investigation on this issue.

In this paper we present a reconfigurable Class-E Power Amplifier (PA) whose operation frequency covers all uplink bands of GSM standard. We describe the circuit design strategy to reconfigure PA operation frequency maximizing the efficiency. Two dies, manufactured using CMOS and MEMS technologies, are assembled through bondwires in a SiP fashion. Prototypes deliver 20dBm output power with 38% and 26% drain efficiencies at lower and upper bands, respectively. MEMS technological issues degrading performance are also discussed.