Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on long chainof-thought (CoT) trajectories has emerged as a crucial technique for enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs).However, the standard cross-entropy loss treats all tokens equally, ignoring their heterogeneous contributions across a reasoning trajectory.This uniform treatment leads to misallocated supervision and weak generalization, especially in complex, long-form reasoning tasks.To address this, we introduce Variance-Controlled Optimization-based REweighting (VCORE), a principled framework that reformulates CoT supervision as a constrained optimization problem.By adopting an optimization-theoretic perspective, VCORE enables a principled and adaptive allocation of supervision across tokens, thereby aligning the training objective more closely with the goal of robust reasoning generalization.Empirical evaluations demonstrate that VCORE achieves the strongest overall average performance, with especially clear gains on lower-capacity models.Across both in-domain and out-of-domain settings, VCORE achieves substantial performance gains on mathematical and coding benchmarks, using models from the Qwen3 series (4B, 8B, 32B) and LLaMA-3.1-8B-Instruct.Moreover, we show that VCORE serves as a more effective initialization for subsequent reinforcement learning, establishing a stronger foundation for advancing the reasoning capabilities of LLMs. 1

Privacy-sensitive users require deploying large language models (LLMs) within their own infrastructure (on-premises) to safeguard private data and enable customization.However, vulnerabilities in local environments can lead to unauthorized access and potential model theft.To address this, prior research on small models has explored securing only the output layer within hardware-secured devices to balance model confidentiality and customization.Yet this approach fails to protect LLMs effectively.In this paper, we discover that (1) query-based distillation attacks targeting the secured top layer can produce a functionally equivalent replica of the victim model; (2) securing the same number of layers, bottom layers before a transition layer provide stronger protection against distillation attacks than top layers, with comparable effects on customization performance; and (3) the number of secured layers creates a trade-off between protection and customization flexibility.Based on these insights, we propose SOLID, a novel deployment framework that secures a few bottom layers in a secure environment and introduces an efficient metric to optimize the trade-off by determining the ideal number of hidden layers.Extensive experiments on five models (1.3B to 70B parameters) demonstrate that SOLID outperforms baselines, achieving a better balance between protection and downstream customization.Our code can be found at: https://github.com/ OTTO-OTO/SOLID-OnPremiseDeployment.