Language models uncover unprecedented abilities in analyzing driving scenarios, owing to their limitless knowledge accumulated from text-based pre-training. Naturally, they should particularly excel in analyzing rule-based interactions, such as those triggered by traffic laws, which are well documented in texts. However, such interaction analysis remains underexplored due to the lack of dedicated language datasets that address it. Therefore, we propose Waymo Open Motion Dataset-Reasoning (WOMD-Reasoning), a comprehensive large-scale Q&As dataset built on WOMD focusing on describing and reasoning traffic rule-induced interactions in driving scenarios. WOMD-Reasoning also presents by far the largest multi-modal Q&A dataset, with 3 million Q&As on real-world driving scenarios, covering a wide range of driving topics from map descriptions and motion status descriptions to narratives and analyses of agents' interactions, behaviors, and intentions. To showcase the applications of WOMD-Reasoning, we design Motion-LLaVA, a motion-language model fine-tuned on WOMD-Reasoning. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations are performed on WOMD-Reasoning dataset as well as the outputs of Motion-LLaVA, supporting the data quality and wide applications of WOMD-Reasoning, in interaction predictions, traffic rule compliance plannings, etc. The dataset and its vision modal extension are available on https://waymo.com/open/download/. The codes & prompts to build it are available on https://github.com/yhli123/WOMD-Reasoning.

Cryptographic problems, operating within binary variable spaces, can be routinely transformed into Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problems regarding specific cryptographic conditions like plaintext-ciphertext matching. With the fast development of learning for discrete data, this SAT representation also facilitates the utilization of machine-learning approaches with the hope of automatically capturing patterns and strategies inherent in cryptographic structures in a data-driven manner. Existing neural SAT solvers consistently adopt conjunctive normal form (CNF) for instance representation, which in the cryptographic context can lead to scale explosion and a loss of high-level semantics. In particular, extensively used XOR operations in cryptographic problems can incur an exponential number of clauses. In this paper, we propose a graph structure based on Arithmetic Normal Form (ANF) to efficiently handle the XOR operation bottleneck. Additionally, we design an encoding method for AND operations in these ANF-based graphs, demonstrating improved efficiency over alternative general graph forms for SAT. We then propose CryptoANFNet, a graph learning approach that trains a classifier based on a message-passing scheme to predict plaintext-ciphertext satisfiability. Using ANF-based SAT instances, CryptoANFNet demonstrates superior scalability and can naturally capture higher-order operational information. Empirically, CryptoANFNet achieves a 50x speedup over heuristic solvers and outperforms SOTA learning-based SAT solver NeuroSAT, with 96\% vs. 91\% accuracy on small-scale and 72\% vs. 55\% on large-scale datasets from real encryption algorithms. We also introduce a key-solving algorithm that simplifies ANF-based SAT instances from plaintext and ciphertext, enhancing key decryption accuracy from 76.5\% to 82\% and from 72\% to 75\% for datasets generated from two real encryption algorithms.