As large language models (LLMs) are widely deployed across various domains, the ability to control their generated outputs has become more critical. This control involves aligning LLMs outputs with human values and ethical principles or customizing LLMs on specific topics or styles for individual users. Existing controlled generation methods either require significant computational resources and extensive trial-and-error or provide coarse-grained control. In this paper, we propose Generation with Concept Activation Vector (GCAV), a lightweight model control framework that ensures accurate control without requiring resource-extensive fine-tuning. Specifically, GCAV first trains a concept activation vector for specified concepts to be controlled, such as toxicity. During inference, GCAV steers the concept vector in LLMs, for example, by removing the toxicity concept vector from the activation layers. Control experiments from different perspectives, including toxicity reduction, sentiment control, linguistic style, and topic control, demonstrate that our framework achieves state-of-the-art performance with granular control, allowing for fine-grained adjustments of both the steering layers and the steering magnitudes for individual samples.

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has emerged as a powerful technique for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences.However, effectively aligning LLMs with diverse human preferences remains a significant challenge, particularly when they are conflict.To address this issue, we frame human value alignment as a multi-objective optimization problem, aiming to maximize a set of potentially conflicting objectives.We introduce Gradient-Adaptive Policy Optimization (GAPO), a novel fine-tuning paradigm that employs multiple-gradient descent to align LLMs with diverse preference distributions.GAPO adaptively rescales the gradients for each objective to determine an update direction that optimally balances the tradeoffs between objectives.Additionally, we introduce P-GAPO, which incorporates user preferences across different objectives and achieves Pareto solutions that better align with the user's specific needs.Our theoretical analysis demonstrates that GAPO converges towards a Pareto optimal solution for multiple objectives.Empirical results on Mistral-7B show that GAPO outperforms current state-of-the-art methods, achieving superior performance in both helpfulness and harmlessness.