Shared randomness is the central ingredient for stabilizing symmetrizable communication systems against arbitrarily varying jammers. Given the presence of the jammer, however, the question arises how this precious resource could have been distributed. Several works discuss the use of external sources for this task. In this work, we show, based on the most standard optical communication model, how the sender and receiver can employ entangled two-mode squeezed states to counter the jamming attack of an energy-limited jammer during the distribution phase when both the sender and jammer are allowed to use binary phase shift keying and two-mode squeezed vacuum states.

Identification in quantum communication enables receivers to verify the presence of a message without decoding its entire content. While identification capacity has been explored for classical and finite-dimensional quantum channels, its behaviour in bosonic systems remains less understood. This work analyses identification over noisy bosonic broadcast channels using coherent states. We derive achievable identification rate regions while ensuring error probabilities remain bounded, even in an infinite-dimensional setting. Our approach leverages quantum hypothesis testing and approximates the infinite sender alphabet with discrete subsets to maintain power constraints.

Arbitrarily varying channels offer a powerful framework for analyzing the robustness of quantum communication systems, especially for classical-quantum models, where the analysis displays strengths or weaknesses of specific signal constellations under generic attacks. In this work, we provide a coding theorem for a large class of practically relevant arbitrarily varying channel models. Namely, we give an explicit capacity formula for the lossy bosonic channel subject to semi-classical attacks, where an adversary injects semi-classical states into the transmission line. Mathematically, this is modeled via a beam-splitter setup, with transmitter and jammer controlling different input ports and the receiver observing one output port. We show how a recently conjectured new quantum entropy power inequality relates to our capacity formula.

We propose a new proof method for direct coding theorems for wiretap channels where the eavesdropper has access to a quantum version of the transmitted signal on an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space and the legitimate parties communicate through a classical channel or a classical input, quantum output (cq) channel. The transmitter input can be subject to an additive cost constraint, which specializes to the case of an average energy constraint. This method yields errors that decay exponentially with increasing block lengths. Moreover, it provides a guarantee of a quantum version of semantic security, which is an established concept in classical cryptography and physical layer security. Therefore, it complements existing works which either do not prove the exponential error decay or use weaker notions of security. The main part of this proof method is a direct coding result on channel resolvability which states that there is only a doubly exponentially small probability that a standard random codebook does not solve the channel resolvability problem for the cq channel. Semantic security has strong operational implications meaning essentially that the eavesdropper cannot use its quantum observation to gather any meaningful information about the transmitted signal. We also discuss the connections between semantic security and various other established notions of secrecy.

We study the problem of joint communication and detection of wiretapping on an optical fiber from a quantum perspective. Our system model describes a communication link that is capable of transmitting data under normal operating conditions and raising a warning at the transmitter side in case of eavesdropping. It contributes to a unified modelling approach, based on which established quantum communication paradigms like quantum key distribution can be compared to other approaches offering similar functionality.

Recent efforts in the design of communication systems have in addition to data rates embraced a focus on other metrics, such as round-trip latency. Data transmission over a channel is typically preceded by so-called pilot symbols, which let the receiver learn the channel conditions. Together with appropriate feedback, this allows for transmission at high data rates. Trading data rates for communication latency, a communication link may however avoid feedback and instead operate under channel uncertainty, in which case the accurate model is the compound channel. Further reductions of latency may be harnessed from quantum receiver design. In this work we focus in particular on the application of the sequential decoding approach to the bosonic compound channel with unknown phase rotations, loss parameters and thermal noise values. We show that sequential decoding is optimal.

Compound channels model situations where a sender and receiver both have only partial information about the stationary channel they are transmitting over. They can be used to analyse the robustness of a communication system. With this work we provide a coding theorem for a class of practically relevant quantum compound channel models, where we consider the system uncertainty as due to a stationary but unknown jamming signal. Namely, we give an explicit formula for the case of the lossy Bosonic channel in the presence of a semi-classical attack utilizing the injection of coherent states into the transmission line. Mathematically, this is modelled by letting transmitter and jammer access the two different ports of a beam-splitter, and the receiver observe one of the output ports. While the transmitter can modulate their input, the jammer must transmit a constant (but unknown) sequence of states. We conjecture a new quantum entropy power inequality and show its relation to the capacity under study.

Nearest-neighbour clustering is a powerful set of heuristic algorithms that find natural application in the decoding of signals transmitted using the$M$-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ($M$-QAM) protocol. Lloyd et al. proposed a quantum version of the algorithm that promised an exponential speedup. We analyse the performance of this algorithm by simulating the use of a hybrid quantum-classical implementation of it upon 16-QAM and experimental 64-QAM data. We then benchmark the implementation against the classical k-means clustering algorithm. The choice of quantum encoding of the classical data plays a significant role in the performance, as it would for the hybrid quantum-classical implementation of any quantum machine learning algorithm. In this work, we use the popular angle embedding method for data embedding and the swap test for overlap estimation. The algorithm is emulated in software using Qiskit and tested on simulated and real-world experimental data. The discrepancy in accuracy from the perspective of the induced metric of the angle embedding method is discussed, and a thorough analysis regarding the angle embedding method in the context of distance estimation is provided. We detail an experimental optic fibre setup as well, from which we collect 64-QAM data. This is the dataset upon which the algorithms are benchmarked. Finally, some promising current and future directions for further research are discussed.

Sixth Generation (6G) wireless networks will become the system-critical infrastructure for the modern information society. For this reason, 6G communication schemes must fulfill resilience by design. Because of its probabilistic nature, a wireless communication link varies in the ability to transfer information from a transmitter to a legitimate receiver. Additionally, interference generated by malicious nodes performing attacks to achieve Denial-of-Service (DoS) may corrupt the communication link. The Arbitrarily Varying Channel (AVC) model captures this vulnerability. The network must be able to algorithmically detect a DoS attack to ensure resilience by design. We investigate the detectability of these attacks in a detection framework based on Turing computability. We show that the task of algorithmic detection of DoS attacks is infeasible when communicating over AVCs with state constraints.

We propose a new proof method for direct coding theorems for wiretap channels where the eavesdropper has access to a quantum version of the transmitted signal on an infinite dimensional Hilbert space. This method yields errors that decay exponentially with increasing block lengths. Moreover, it provides a guarantee of a quantum version of semantic security, which is an established concept in classical cryptography and physical layer security. Semantic security has strong operational implications meaning essentially that the eavesdropper cannot use its quantum observation to gather any meaningful information about the transmitted signal. Therefore, it complements existing works which either do not prove the exponential error decay or use weaker notions of security. The main part of this proof method is a direct coding result on channel resolvability which states that there is only a doubly exponentially small probability that a standard random codebook does not solve the channel resolvability problem for the classical-quantum channel.

Compound channel models offer a simple and straightforward way of analyzing the stability of decoder design under model variations. With this work we provide a coding theorem for a large class of practically relevant compound channel models. We give explicit formulas for the cases of the Gaussian classical-quantum compound channels with unknown noise, unknown phase and unknown attenuation. We show analytically how the classical compound channel capacity formula motivates nontrivial choices of the displacement parameter of the Kennedy receiver. Our work demonstrates the value of the compound channel model as a method for the design of receivers in quantum communication.

Quantum entanglement as a resource has repeatedly proven to add performance improvements for various tasks in communication and computing, yet no current application justifies a wide spread use of entanglement as a commodity in communication systems. In this work, we detail how the addition of an entanglement storage system at the end-points of a communication link integrated seamlessly into the current Internet can benefit that link's capabilities via a protocol implementing the simple rule to "create entanglement when idle", and use entanglement-assisted communication whenever possible. The benefits are shown with regards to throughput, packet drop-rate, and average packet processing time. The modelling is done in an information-theoretic style, thereby establishing a connecting from information-theoretic capacities to statistical network analysis.

We study reliable communication in uncoordinated vehicular communication from the perspective of Shannon theory. Our system model for the information transmission is that of an Arbitrarily Varying Channel (AVC): One sender-receiver pair wants to communicate reliably, no matter what the input of a second sender is. The second sender is assumed to be uncoordinated and interfering, but is supposed to follow the rational goal of transmitting information otherwise. We prove that repetition coding can increase the capacity of such a system by relating the notion of symmetrizability of an arbitrarily varying channel to invertibility of the corresponding channel matrix. Explicit upper bounds on the number of repetitions needed to prevent system breakdown through diversity are provided. Further we introduce the notion of block-restricted jamming and present a lower and an upper bound on the maximum error capacity of the corresponding restricted AVC.

We consider a model of communication via a fully quantum jammer channel with quantum jammer, quantum sender and quantum receiver, which we dub quantum arbitrarily varying channel (QAVC). Restricting to finite dimensional user and jammer systems, we show, using permutation symmetry and a de Finetti reduction, how the random coding capacity (classical and quantum) of the QAVC is reduced to the capacity of a naturally associated compound channel, which is obtained by restricting the jammer to i.i.d. input states. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the shared randomness required is at most logarithmic in the block length, via a quantum version of the “elimination of of correlation” using a random matrix tail bound. This implies a dichotomy theorem: either the classical capacity of the QAVC is zero, and then also the quantum capacity is zero, or each capacity equals its random coding variant.

We determine the secrecy capacities of AVQCs (arbitrarily varying quantum channels). Both secrecy capacity with average error probability and with maximal error probability are derived. Both derivations are based on one common code construction. The code we construct fulfills a stringent secrecy requirement, which is called the strong code concept. We determine when the secrecy capacity is a continuous function of the system parameters and completely characterize its discontinuity points both for average error criterion and for maximal error criterion. Furthermore, we prove the phenomenon “super-activation” for secrecy capacities of AVQCs, i.e., two quantum channels both with zero secrecy capacity, which, if used together, allow secure transmission with positive capacity. We also discuss the relations between the entanglement distillation capacity, the entanglement generating capacity, and the strong subspace transmission capacity for AVQCs.

A post-detection receive diversity scheme for reliable communication in vehicular scenarios under arbitrarily varying interference is presented. An approach to system implementation based on a distributed antenna system is outlined. The Shannon capacities of end-to-end communication chains involving different state-of-the-art combining schemes are compared to each other in two different situations: First without interference and second with arbitrarily varying interference. It is proven that the majority vote and maximum-ratio combiners fail for many scenarios with arbitrarily varying interference. Further, numerical studies are provided that allow for comparison of majority vote, maximum-ratio and maximum-likelihood combining when the number of receive antennas in a single-input-multiple-output communication system increases.

The question of reliability in self-coordinating vehicular networks is discussed. Most state-of-the-art approaches have no central entity controlling channel access, so there may be arbitrary interference from other parties. Thus, a suitable channel model is the Arbitrarily Varying Channel (AVC). Employing multiple antennas on a receiver to make use of spatial diversity is a promising approach to combat interference. An important question then is, how many antennas are needed to harvest the maximum gain. For Binary Symmetric AVCs (AVBSC) and an identical state-constrained jammer already the deployment of three, uncorrelated receive antennas avoids symmetrizability and thus ensures positive capacity. Furthermore, the deterministic capacity of the identical state-constrained composite AVBSC is continuous and can be super-activated, a phenomenon which hitherto, was deemed impossible for classical communication without secrecy constraints. Subsuming, receive antenna diversity is an enabler for reliable communication over communication channels with arbitrarily varying interference.

We analyze arbitrarily varying classical-quantum wiretap channels. These channels are subject to two attacks at the same time: one passive (eavesdropping), and one active (jamming). We progress on previous works [5] and [6] by introducing a reduced class of allowed codes that fulfills a more stringent secrecy requirement than earlier definitions. In addition, we prove that non-symmetrizability of the legal link is sufficient for equality of the deterministic and the common randomness assisted secrecy capacities. At last, we focus on analytic properties of both secrecy capacities: We completely characterize their discontinuity points, and their super-activation properties.

The delay-limited capacity (DLC) is introduced as a criterion for performance evaluation for future vehicular connectivity concepts with special focus on delay-critical message transmission. Upcoming connectivity standards rely on fail-safe operation and secure information exchange. For this reason, asymptotic performance measures like the ergodic capacity are not suited for system assessment as they do not guarantee that a data packet is transmitted successfully in a finite time frame. By utilizing the DLC for end-to-end analysis of a connectivity system, a future-proof method for performance evaluation in a city scenario is presented. A measurement campaign in a vehicular connectivity environment is provided for different antenna configurations. The effect of correlation on the DLC is analyzed theoretically and based on measurements by comparing a co-located vehicular multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration with a side mirror MIMO antenna system.

We determine the secrecy capacities under common randomness assisted coding of arbitrarily varying classical-quantum wiretap channels. Furthermore, we determine the secrecy capacity of a mixed channel model which is compound from the sender to the legal receiver and varies arbitrarily from the sender to the eavesdropper. As an application we examine when the secrecy capacity is a continuous function of the system parameters and show that resources, i.e., having access to a perfect copy of the outcome of a random experiment, are helpful for channel stability.

We study an analog of the well-known Gel'fand Pinsker Channel which uses quantum states for transmission of data. We consider the case where both the sender's inputs to the channel and the channel states are elements of a finite set (cq-channel with state information at the sender). While the receiver has no information about the channel states, we distinguish between two cases at the sender: he either gets causal or non-causal channel state information. We give a single-letter description of the capacity in the first case and present two different regularized expressions of the capacity for the second. It turns out that the change from causal to non-causal channel state information at the encoder causes the complexity of numerical computation of the capacity formula to change from simple to seemingly difficult. Still, even in the difficult non-causal case we draw nontrivial conclusions, for example regarding continuity of the capacity with respect to changes in the system parameters.

This paper is motivated by a question at the heart of unsupervised learning approaches. Assume we are collecting a number K of (subjective) opinions about some event E from K different agents. Can we infer E from them? Prima facie this seems impossible, since the agents may be lying. We model this task by letting the events be distributed according to some distribution p and the task is to estimate p under unknown noise. Again, this is impossible without additional assumptions. We report here the finding of very natural such assumptions-the availability of multiple copies of the true data, each under independent and invertible (in the sense of matrices) noise, is already sufficient. If the true distribution and the observations are modeled on the same finite alphabet, then the number of such copies needed to determine p to the highest possible precision is exactly three! This result can be seen as a counterpart to independent component analysis. Therefore, we call our approach "dependent component analysis." In addition, we present generalizations of the model to different alphabet sizes at an input and an output. A second result is found: the "activation" of invertibility through multiple parallel uses.

We define the common randomness-assisted capacity of an arbitrarily varying wiretap channel (AVWC) when the eavesdropper is kept ignorant about the common randomness. We prove a multi-letter capacity formula for this model. We prove that, if enough common randomness is used, the capacity formula can be given a single-shot form again. We then consider the opposite extremal case, where no common randomness is available, and derive the capacity. It is known that the capacity of the system can be discontinuous under these circumstances. We prove here that it is still stable in the sense that it is continuous around its positivity points. We further prove that discontinuities can only arise if the legal link is symmetrizable and characterize the points where it is positive. These results shed new light on the design principles of communication systems with embedded security features. At last, we investigate the effect of super-activation of the message transmission capacity of AVWCs under the average error criterion. We give a complete characterization of those AVWCs that may be super-activated. The effect is thereby also related to the (conjectured) super-activation of the common randomness assisted capacity of AVWCs with an eavesdropper that gets to know the common randomness. Super-activation is based on the idea of wasting a few bits of non-secret messages in order to enable provably secret transmission of a large bulk of data, a concept that may prove to be of further importance in the design of communication systems. In this paper, we provide further insight into this phenomenon by providing a class of codes that is capacity achieving and does not convey any information to the eavesdropper.

We give a complete characterization of the correlated random coding secrecy capacity of arbitrarily varying wiretap channels (AVWCs). We apply two alternative strong secrecy criteria, which both lead to the same multi-letter formula. The difference of these criteria lies in the treatment of correlated randomness; they coincide in the case of uncorrelated codes. On the basis of the derived formula, we show that the correlated random coding secrecy capacity is continuous as a function of the AVWC, in contrast to the discontinuous uncorrelated coding secrecy capacity. In the proof of the secrecy capacity formula for correlated random codes, we apply an auxiliary channel, which is compound from the sender to the intended receiver and arbitrarily varying from the sender to the eavesdropper.

We study the arbitrarily varying wiretap channel (AVWC) under average error criterion when external common randomness (CR) can be used between the legitimate parties. We consider three scenarios: In the first one the CR is known to the eavesdropper, in the second it is not known to her and in the third there is no CR available. For the second scenario, we prove a complete coding theorem. For the third scenario it is known that the capacity function is discontinuous. We prove that it is nonetheless stable in the sense of being continuous around its positivity points. We characterize the points of discontinuity in terms of continuous functions. We then give a complete characterization of those pairs of AVWCs whose capacity can be super-activated in the unassisted third case - in terms of the capacity function describing the first case.

We give a complete characterization of the secrecy capacity of arbitrarily varying wiretap channels (AVWCs) with correlated random coding under a strong secrecy criterion where the eavesdropper may also know the correlated randomness. We obtain that the correlated random coding secrecy capacity is continuous as a function of the AVWC. We show that the deterministic coding secrecy capacity of the AVWC either equals 0 or the correlated random coding secrecy capacity. For the case that only a weak secrecy criterion is applied, a complete characterization of the corresponding secrecy capacity for deterministic codes is possible. In the proof of the secrecy capacity formula for correlated random codes, we apply an auxiliary channel which is compound from the sender to the intended receiver and varies arbitrarily from the sender to the eavesdropper. We discuss the relation between the usual mutual information secrecy criterion and a criterion formulated in terms of total variation distance, and investigate the robustness of the AVWC model.

We prove coding theorems for two scenarios of cooperating encoders for the multiple access channel with two classical inputs and one quantum output. In the first scenario (ccq-MAC with common message), the two senders each have their private messages, but would also like to transmit common messages. In the second scenario (ccq-MAC with conferencing encoders), each sender has its own set of messages, but they are allowed to use a limited amount of noiseless classical communication amongst each other prior to encoding their messages. This conferencing protocol may depend on each individual message they intend to send. The two scenarios are related to each other not only in spirit - the existence of a capacity-achieving construction scheme for codes for the ccq-MAC with common messages is used for proving the existence of another such scheme for the ccq-MAC with conferencing encoders.

We give an explicit example that answers the question whether the transmission of messages over arbitrarily varying quantum channels can benefit from distribution of randomness between the legitimate sender and receiver in the affirmative.

As our main result we show that, in order to achieve the randomness assisted message - and entanglement transmission capacities of a finite arbitrarily varying quantum channel it is not necessary that sender and receiver share (asymptotically perfect) common randomness. Rather, it is sufficient that they each have access to an unlimited amount of uses of one part of a correlated bipartite source. This access might be restricted to an arbitrary small (nonzero) fraction per channel use, without changing the main result. We investigate the notion of common randomness. It turns out that this is a very costly resource - generically, it cannot be obtained just by local processing of a bipartite source. This result underlines the importance of our main result. Also, the asymptotic equivalence of the maximal- and average error criterion for classical message transmission over finite arbitrarily varying quantum channels is proven. At last, we prove a simplified symmetrizability condition for finite arbitrarily varying quantum channels.

We derive a regularized formula for the common randomness assisted entanglement transmission capacity of finite arbitrarily varying quantum channels (AVQC's). For finite AVQC's with positive capacity for classical message transmission we show, by derandomization through classical forward communication, that the random capacity for entanglement transmission equals the deterministic capacity for entanglement transmission. This is a quantum version of the famous Ahlswede dichotomy. In the infinite case, we derive a similar result for certain classes of AVQC's. At last, we give two possible definitions of symmetrizability of an AVQC.

We determine the optimal achievable rate at which entanglement can be reliably transmitted when the memoryless channel used during transmission is unknown both to sender and receiver. To be more precise, we assume that both of them only know that the channel belongs to a given set of channels. Thus, they have to use encoding and decoding schemes that work well for the whole set.