While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on high-level semantic tasks, they often struggle with fine-grained, token-level understanding and structural reasoning—capabilities that are essential for applications requiring precision and control. We introduce TASE, a comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate LLMs' ability to perceive and reason about token-level information across languages. TASE covers 10 tasks under two core categories: token awareness and structural understanding, spanning Chinese, English, and Korean, with a 35,927-instance evaluation set and a scalable synthetic data generation pipeline for training. Tasks include character counting, token alignment, syntactic structure parsing, and length constraint satisfaction. We evaluate over 30 leading commercial and open-source LLMs, including O3, Claude 4, Gemini 2.5 Pro, and DeepSeek-R1, and train a custom Qwen2.5-14B model using the GRPO training method. Results show that human performance significantly outpaces current LLMs, revealing persistent weaknesses in token-level reasoning. TASE sheds light on these limitations and provides a new diagnostic lens for future improvements in low-level language understanding and cross-lingual generalization.

Xinda Wang, Zhengxu Hou, Yangshijie Zhang, Yanbingren, Jialin Liu, ChenZhuo Zhao, Zhibo Yang, Bin-Bin Yang, Feng Xiao. Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2026.

Xinda Wang, Zhengxu Hou, Yangshijie Zhang, Yanbingren, Jialin Liu, ChenZhuo Zhao, Zhibo Yang, Bin-Bin Yang, Feng Xiao. Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2026.

ChenZhuo Zhao, Xinda Wang, Pu Zhao, Yue Huang, Junting Lu, Ziqian Liu, Qingwei Lin, Saravan Rajmohan, Dongmei Zhang. Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2026.

Unauthorised face recognition (FR) systems have posed significant threats to digital identity and privacy protection. To alleviate the risk of compromised identities, recent makeup transfer-based attack methods embed adversarial signals in order to confuse unauthorised FR systems. However, their major weakness is that they set up a fixed image unrelated to both the protected and the makeup reference images as the confusion identity, which in turn has a negative impact on both attack success rate and visual quality of transferred photos. In addition, the generated images cannot be recognised by authorised FR systems once attacks are triggered. To address these challenges, in this paper, we propose a Recoverable Makeup Transferred Generative Adversarial Network (RMT-GAN) which has the distinctive feature of improving its image-transfer quality by selecting a suitable transfer reference photo as the target identity. Moreover, our method offers a solution to recover the protected photos to their original counterparts that can be recognised by authorised systems. Experimental results demonstrate that our method provides significantly improved attack success rates while maintaining higher visual quality compared to state-of-the-art makeup transfer-based adversarial attack methods. Our code and supplementary materials are available on Github.