Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) has been one of the most widely applied wireless technologies supporting large-scale IoT applications in Industry 4.0 era. In which, 3 major LPWAN protocols play leading roles in actual deployments: Long Range (LoRa), NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT), and Sigfox. Currently, promoting interoperability among different LPWANs is regarded as an evolution for IoT constructions. Hitherto, there lacks of an industrial standard to produce multi-protocol LPWANs in systematical level, subsequently introduces challenges to interoperate LPWANs. To address this challenge, this article proposes an IEEE 2668 based LPWAN infrastructure to improve interoperability regarding the in-compliance issue raised by different LPWAN standards. Thus, an interoperable framework for LPWANs (IF-LPWANs) is presented to embrace and cooperate multiple LPWANs. The framework was tested to provide a 8.3% energy consumption reduction and a 13% PID transmission latency reduction. Such a development is the first of its kind in both industrial and research area.

Building-Wide Virtual Private Network (VPN) systems leverage the current communication infrastructure to connect various IoT devices and management systems through encrypted tunnels. These systems are essential for protecting sensitive data and ensuring operational security but face imminent threats from quantum computers capable of breaking widely-used public key cryptography. In this paper, we propose a lightweight hybrid post-quantum security framework specifically designed for building-wide IoT VPN systems, which combines classical cryptographic primitives (e.g., ECDH) with selected post-quantum crypto (PQC) algorithms (e.g., Kyber, Dilithium). This dual-layer architecture ensures protection against both current and future quantum threats, relying on the hardness of at least one underlying cryptographic assumption for security. Furthermore, the framework incorporates lightweight design principles tailored for resource-constrained IoT environments. These principles emphasize minimal computational demands, reduced communication costs, and limited protocol complexity. Specifically, its lightweight nature reflects simplification to the VPN protocol’s operations and the selected integration of post-quantum algorithms. This optimized application of PQC simplifies the cryptographic workload for key exchange and signature, thereby balancing security guarantees with feasible deployment on IoT hardware. Our analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture achieves quantum resistance with manageable performance impact compared to traditional VPNs, making it a practical and scalable solution for migrating existing building management infrastructures towards post-quantum security across diverse IoT devices.

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a wireless communication protocol used in open Radio Frequency (RF) communication links. However, this openness also makes LoRaWAN vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. LoRaWAn DoS attacks can result in increased packet errors, delays, and additional energy costs, posing risks to the reliability and effectiveness of Industry 5.0 automation. To address these threats, this paper proposes a novel evaluation model that combines the entropy weighting method (EWM) with grey relational analysis (GRA). The model focuses on an intelligent healthcare scenario as a representative application of Industry 5.0. It assesses LoRaWAn performance by considering metrics such as Packet Error Rate (PER), latency, and energy consumption.

LoRaWAN is an overwhelmingly popular wide area networking protocol that is capable of deploying city-wide Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Increase on the deployment of LoRaWAN in the last few years has led to exponential increase on the number of LoRa sensory and actuating end devices and results in more congestion in LoRaWAN network traffic. Moreover, the evolving AI-IoT (AIoT) applications (e.g., AI-powered environment monitoring system) create needs for more computing power with low latency requirements. To mitigate the high latency issue and the shortage of computing power due to continuously demanding quality of service (QoS) requirements of IoT applications, the Edge-Cloud server structure has been explored in a thorough manner in research area in recent years. An IEEE 2668 standardized IoT infrastructure system is presented in this work focusing on analyzing the performance of applying Edge-Cloud network server structure to LoRaWAN networks and provide standardized edge computing LoRaWAN infrastructure. This work uses queuing network to quantitively analyze the performance of an edge computing infrastructure applied to LoRaWAN and uses IEEE 2668 to quantitively present the performance and applicability of the Edge-Cloud LoRaWAN infrastructure.

LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one the of the most popular Internet of Things (IoT) technologies for long-range and low-cost communication. At present, LoRaWAN has been applied in a variety of applications, including localization, smart metering, etc. However, the increasing number of LoRaWAN devices would degrade their quality of service (QoS). There are two main reasons. The first reason is the competition of bandwidth and channel resources between large number of connected end devices. Another one is the redundant channel resources allocation configurations of most end devices to achieve better transmission reliability. To address these challenges, this work proposes an enhanced resource allocation scheme based on both k-means and k-prototype classification algorithms to mitigate the affection of ALOHA scheme and the multi-gateway interference problem. In this proposed scheme, intense network resources under dense end device scenario and the redundant claim of network resources configuration in end devices are considered. An outlier improved spreading factor distribution method is also proposed to reduce the negative effect of the problems. By evaluating and comparing packet loss rate and the relative distribution of spreading factors, an average of 22% increment in transmission performance of LoRaWAN networks is achieved.