Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) advertising network has been widely employed in various monitoring applications, where advertiser sensors update their time triggered (TT) or event triggered (ET) status in an advertising mode to a continuously scanning central scanner. This paper addresses the problem of minimizing the age of information (AoI) for monitoring over a BLE advertising network. Firstly, we propose a packet error rate-conditioned AoI model and derive the average Aol and peak AoI (PAol) in closed form. It is found that the conditional average Aol and PAol for TT traffic are smaller than those for ET traffic at the same traffic rate, λ. Additionally, when λ exceeds the advertising rate, these metrics are further derived in closed form under a zero-waiting policy, ensuring that fresh status is available at each advertising event. Secondly, we formulate two optimization problems aimed at minimizing the average Aol and PAol under zero-waiting policy, constrained by the advertising intervalTa. To minimize the average Aol, we propose two algorithms to compute the optimal exact and approximate values ofTa, utilizing a proposed bisection method and a derived approximate closed-form solution. To minimize the PAol, we also derive a closed-form solution, which is found sharing a similar structure to our derived approximate solution for minimizing the average AoI. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed AoI model and the derived optimal solutions.

Wireless audio transmission has always been the focus of Bluetooth application scenarios. Future audio use cases, such as multistreaming to assist stereo imaging experiences, broadcast audio sharing, hearing aid support, etc., have higher requirements for Quality of Service (QoS). Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) Audio is considered to be a replacement for the Bluetooth classic audio standard in the next generation of audio applications. In low-energy (LE) Audio, the audio data is carried by connected isochronous streams (CISs), which is a logical transport that enables the transmission of isochronous data. However, until now, the performance of CIS-based LE Audio has not been fully analyzed. In this article, we propose a mathematical model to evaluate the performance of CIS, such as packet loss rate (PLR), throughput, backlog, delay, and average power consumption. In addition, the feasibility of multihop transmission based on CIS is explored, and the model is extended to analyze the end-to-end PLR and throughput. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed model is verified by simulation results, and the relationship between CIS parameters and performance is analyzed, providing guidance for parameter selection in LE Audio applications.