Over the last decade, web security research has used notification campaigns as a tool to help web operators fix security problems or stop infrastructure abuse. First attempts at applying this approach to privacy issues focused on single services or vendors. Hence, little is known if notifications can also raise awareness and encourage remediation of more complex, vendor-independent violations of privacy legislation at scale, such as informed consent to cookie usage under the EU's ePrivacy Directive or the General Data Protection Regulation's requirement for a privacy policy. It is also unclear how privacy notifications perform and are perceived compared to those about security vulnerabilities. To fill this research gap, we conduct a large-scale, automated email notification study with more than 115K websites we notify about lack of a privacy policy, use of third-party cookies without or before informed consent, and input forms for personal data that do not use HTTPS. We investigate the impact of warnings about fines and compare the results with security notifications to more than 40K domains about openly accessible Git repositories. Based on our measurements and interactions with operators through email and a survey, we find that notifications about privacy issues are not as well received as security notifications. They result in lower fix rates, less incentive to take immediate action, and more negative feedback. Specific reasons include a lack of awareness and knowledge of privacy laws' applicability, difficulties to pinpoint the problem, and limited intrinsic motivation.

Security challenges are still among the biggest obstacles when considering the adoption of cloud services. This triggered a lot of research activities, resulting in a quantity of proposals targeting the various cloud security threats. Alongside with these security issues, the cloud paradigm comes with a new set of unique features, which open the path toward novel security approaches, techniques, and architectures. This paper provides a survey on the achievable security merits by making use of multiple distinct clouds simultaneously. Various distinct architectures are introduced and discussed according to their security and privacy capabilities and prospects.