By integrating the construal level theory (CLT) and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) framework, this study identified personal innovativeness (PI) as a key user trait and different sequences of data presentation as key interfaces of an XAI system that determines how users evaluate and accept recommendations received from XAI. Based on CLT, the results of Study 1 identified the degree of psychological distance that users form with AI technology as a key underlying mechanism that explains the positive effects of users’ PI on their evaluation of AI recommendation systems. From the perspective of XAI, the results of Study 2 further demonstrated that users’ evaluations of XAI recommendation systems are determined by their level of PI and how the XAI interface presents information to them (i.e., whether the explanation comes first and is then followed by a decision or vice versa). The results of this study provide several meaningful theoretical and practical implications for human-AI interactions.

This paper proposes a sensor substitution system that generates time-series sensor data via recurrent neural networks (RNN)-based sequence analysis to regress a virtual sensor sequence. More specifically, the proposed system estimates capacitive touch sensor signals by exploiting tiny motion and audio signals generated by touch. The proposed system was validated in a supervised learning task in which multiple sensors-specifically, an omnidirectional microphone, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a capacitive touch sensor-were employed. The multivariate temporal information of the input sequence was modelled using a gated recurrent unit (GRU). The experimental results obtained verified the feasibility of the proposed system and indicated that, compared to inertial signals (e.g., acceleration and angular velocities), audio signals are better for estimating the corresponding touch sensor sequences.

Interaction on the surface usually limited in mechanical movement and does not have surface texture, which results in a lack of haptic feedback. Various techniques have been introduced to supplement this limitation. The main objective of this tutorial is to let the ISS community experience those technologies in hand. By its nature, the haptic interface is hardly explainable with a document, video, and audio. We provide a unique opportunity for the ISS community to feel and experience the wide range of haptic techniques on the surface. In specific, the tutorial will cover the following topics. 1) haptic feedback on a small mobile device 2) Texture rendering on a larger surface 3) An illusion of compliance on a rigid device 4) Pin-array display for information transfer.

In this paper we propose a haptic interaction system that physically represents the underlying geometry of objects displayed in a 2D picture, i.e., a digital image. To obtain the object's geometry captured in the picture, we estimate the physical transformation between the object plane and the image plane based on homographic information, which locates the face of the object that is viewed. We then calculate the rotated surface normal vector of the object's face and place it on the corresponding part in the 2D image. The purpose of this setup is to create a force that can be rendered along with the image without distorting the visual information. For example, if a user is touching or exploring a 2D image, he/she receives resistive force when touching a slanted face. We evaluated the proposed haptic rendering scheme using a set of pictures of objects with different orientations. The experimental results show that the participants reliably identified the geometric configuration by touching the object in the picture. We conclude with developed applications of the proposed algorithm.

We present a tactile-rendering algorithm for simulating 3D geometric features, such as bumps, on touch screen surfaces. This is achieved by modulating friction forces between the user's finger and the touch screen, instead of physically moving the touch surface. We proposed that the percept of a 3D bump is created when local gradients of the rendered virtual surface are mapped to lateral friction forces. To validate this approach, we first establish a psychophysical model that relates the perceived friction force to the controlled voltage applied to the tactile feedback device. We then use this model to demonstrate that participants are three times more likely to prefer gradient force profiles than other commonly used rendering profiles. Finally, we present a generalized algorithm and conclude the paper with a set of applications using our tactile rendering technology.

To augment tangible information into current social network systems (SNSs), this paper proposes an algorithm that generates force data from the user's hand gestures. The input modality defined in this paper is based on gesture information in the form of an acceleration profile in that at times it describes the current status of a user better than text-based content. For the physical representation of a motion update, corresponding force vectors in a Cartesian coordinate system are calculated with the proposed linear equation. Given the experimental results, it is predicted that the proposed physical logging and rendering scheme will provide a physical experience in mediated social connections.

In this paper, a robotic user interface (RUI) as an information management system is described. There have been numerous studies regarding 2D- or 3D-based GUIs that attempt to overcome the disadvantages of a hierarchal structure in information handling. Here, the GUI system is extended to RUI in a technique that enhances its capacity to store and recall by exploiting a spatial/functional association between semantic categories and body parts. A robot resembling a bear was implemented for the evaluation of this association. Experimental results revealed that information can be clustered on a specific body part with statistical significance. Information storage and retrieval becomes easier because there is no need for maintenance or memorization of a location in which specific information is stored. In addition, the fact that a robotic interface can be used in parallel with an existing desktop-based system enhances work efficiency.

In this paper, multi-fingered tactile display modules are proposed. Each tactile display module is comprised of a 4 times 4 piezoelectric ultrasonic actuator array with a spatial resolution of 1.5 mm and a temporal resolution of 20 Hz. The objective of this research is to build a small and lightweight tactile display system so that the system including the display modules and complete controller parts is wearable by a user. It was found that various types of texture information can be generated using a static indentation or through the vibration of each pin. Three tactile display modules were utilized for interaction with a 3D virtual environment. As the developed tactile display modules consume less power and are connected wirelessly to a host PC, the system is applicable to various types of texture representation systems.

In this paper, a compact tactile display which consists of multiple vibrotactile actuators with 4-different vibrotactile unbalanced masses and a Peltier thermoelectric module is proposed. By stimulating 2 different sensory channels including mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptor simultaneously, surface texture and material composition can be displayed using the implemented device. 3 experiments were conducted for the performance evaluation of the proposed device through discriminating various patterned textures. Experimental results show that the developed device can be used to display surface texture and temperature together and suggest the possibility of implementing a small-sized, multi-fingered tactile display device.

In this paper, a sound synthetic technique (SST) based on sinusoidal frequency modulations with irregular primitive function algorithms for tactile perception is suggested. Investigations of the benefits of real-time SST for haptic interaction were referenced. Performance was evaluated in two ways; 1) a unimodal analysis of synthesized sounds in terms of whether they can induce tactile perception, and 2) multimodal analysis of the relationship between tactile perception and the generated sound. The unimodal analysis of sound suggested that meaningful spectrum contents can be generated using the proposed SST. The result of the multimodal analysis showed that auditory-haptic multimodal perception increases human sensitivity of texture perception.

This paper describes an experiment on the evaluation of human sensibility by monitoring responses to changes in the frequency and amplitude of a tactile display system. Preliminary tasks were performed to obtain adequate adjectives concerning texture presentation. And, in the main experiment, 7 selected sandpaper types and 15 selected combinations of frequencies and amplitudes of a tactile display were utilized to quantitatively evaluate the ten adjectives determined during preliminary tasks. The data show that a relationship exists between the independent variables (frequency, amplitude, and grit size) and the dependent variable (perceived texture). We then considered the perceived tactile perception in relation to viscoelastic properties of the human fingerpad. We obtained remarkable psychophysical results and also identified the relation between tactile sensation and the mechanical stimuli from a biomechanical viewpoint

This paper presents a novel haptic mouse KAT (KAIST artificial touch) that can be used as a human-computer interface and offers the capability of displaying properties such as patterns, gratings and roughness. A small planar-distributed pin array is developed. The array can represent micro-scale shapes with various surfaces, such as gratings, grooves, patterns, shapes of icons, and Braille, and provides the user with cutaneous stimuli. Since the tactile display unit is small enough to be embedded into a computer mouse, we developed a new texture display mouse. The performance of its texture display capability was verified. In addition, two psychophysical experiments have been conducted in order to ascertain the influence of vibrotactile stimuli. The first experiment showed that vibrational stimuli could be effective in the perception of patterns while from the second experiment, the functional relation between perceived roughness and components of vibrotactile stimuli was obtained. The experimental results have been applied to the development of a test-bed program