In this article, we propose an asynchronous distributed model predictive control (MPC) based droop control (AD-MDC) scheme to suppress fatigue load in doubly fed induction generator-based wind farms (WFs). To improve the fatigue load suppression performance, a droop control method is adopted in conjunction with an MPC-based WF control scheme to coordinate the active power of wind turbines (WTs). Within the predictive horizon, the generator speed sensitivity is calculated to formulate the MPC-based optimization problem, thereby achieving global optimal regulation of active power while tracking the dispatch command. For more effective control of WTs, an asynchronous distributed alternating direction method of multipliers is developed to minimize the fluctuations of fatigue load, while improving the time efficiency and information privacy protection. A WF with 40 × 5 MW WTs is established as a testing system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed AD-MDC scheme.

MOTIVATION: Pathway association analysis has made great achievements in elucidating the genetic basis of human complex diseases. However, current pathway association analysis approaches fail to consider tissue-specificity. RESULTS: We developed a tissue-specific pathway interaction enrichment analysis algorithm (TPIEA). TPIEA was applied to two large Caucasian and Chinese genome-wide association study summary datasets of bone mineral density (BMD). TPIEA identified several significant pathways for BMD [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05], such as KEGG FOCAL ADHESION and KEGG AXON GUIDANCE, which had been demonstrated to be involved in the development of osteoporosis. We also compared the performance of TPIEA and classical pathway enrichment analysis, and TPIEA presented improved performance in recognizing disease relevant pathways. TPIEA may help to fill the gap of classic pathway association analysis approaches by considering tissue specificity. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The online web tool of TPIEA is available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/tpieav1/files CONTACT: [email protected] information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Most code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems described in the literature provide only one single service (voice or data) and employ the strategy of "one-code-for-one-terminal" for code-assignment. This assignment, though simple, fails to efficiently exploit the limited code resource encountered in practical situations. We present a new protocol called reservation-code multiple-access (RCMA), which allows all terminals to share a group of spreading codes on a contention basis and facilitates introducing voice/data integrated services into spread-spectrum systems. The RCMA protocol can be applied to short-range radio networks, and microcell mobile communications, and can be easily extended to wide area networks if the code-reuse technique is employed. In RCMA, a voice terminal can reserve a spreading code to transmit a multipacket talkspurt while a data terminal has to contend for a code for each packet transmission. The voice terminal will drop a long delayed packet while the data terminal just keeps it in the buffer. Therefore, two performance measures used to assess the proposed protocol are the voice packet dropping probability and the data packet average delay. Theoretical performance is derived by means of equilibrium point analysis (EPA) and is examined by extensive computer simulation.