The implementation of the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda), with its 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs), faces challenges such as insufficient data, limited research methodologies, and uneven progress across regions. Earth observation (EO), particularly scientific satellites, offers unique advantages in supporting global sustainable development by providing objective, dynamic, and large-scale datasets for SDG evaluations and policymaking, as well as by facilitating the study of Earth’s environmental systems and their interactions with human activity. Sustainable Development Science Satellite 1 (SDGSAT-1), the world’s first scientific satellite dedicated to supporting the 2030 Agenda, was designed and developed by the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals (CBAS). Its three advanced EO sensors, i.e., Thermal Infrared Spectrometer (TIS), Glimmer Imager (GLI), and Multispectral Imager (MSI), furnish high-quality data, enabling continuous monitoring of human activity and environmental changes to bolster SDG-related research and global sustainability initiatives. As of November 2025, SDGSAT-1 has collected over 480 000 global terrain coverage images since its launch in November 2021. All its datasets have been shared free of charge with the Global Scientific Community through the SDGSAT-1 Open Science Program initiated in September 2022. The datasets have enabled researchers from more than 110 countries, 10 UN agencies, and various international organizations to publish over 180 scientific articles, 17 UN reports, and numerous public data products. These have demonstrated applications in urban development, disaster response, environmental monitoring, agriculture, and marine conservation. This article reviews the technical innovations and mission specifications of the SDGSAT-1 satellite, demonstrates its contribution in leveraging space technology for SDG monitoring and evaluation, and discusses the future evolution of development of EO systems, specifically the planned Sustainable Development Satellite Constellation, for supporting the global achievement of SDGs.