In this article, a novel parabola and line intersection (PLI) technique is proposed to estimate the maximum power point (MPP) of a photovoltaic (PV) array under uniform irradiation conditions (UICs) and partial shading conditions (PSCs) using an explicit current$-$voltage (I$-$V) relationship. A new explicitI$-$Vexpression for single diode model PV module is derived and compared with several existingI$-$Vmodels in terms of accuracy. In UICs, the proposed PLI technique estimates the MPP by updating the vertex coordinate of the parabola while keeping the line stationary. In PSCs, a transition voltage matrix (TVM) is created, which contains information about all the turning point voltages in theI$-$Vcharacteristics of PV strings of an array. The voltage range in which MPP exists is selected from the TVM and finally, the PLI method is applied to estimate the MPP. Therefore, the proposed MPP estimation method does not require an initial guess or the wholeI$-$Vcurve information. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed MPP estimation method for partially shaded PV array are validated in both simulation and experimental platforms. The proposed technique finds its application in PV plant planning and machine learning applications.

The potential of Gallium Nitride (GaN) wide band gap (WBG) power semiconductor devices has been extensively investigated in recent years. The superior figure-of-merits of GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) over contemporary devices like Si MOSFET and Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFET gives an edge in power electronics-based industrial applications. However, the privilege of fast switching frequency and low conduction resistance are intimidated by the crosstalk oscillation issues that occur during the switching transients. Therefore, a comprehensive analytical model of the GaN HEMT device based on the Double Pulse Test (DPT) circuit is developed and analyzed thoroughly using the high-frequency equivalent circuit In this paper, the analytical model is developed considering the profound effect of different parasitic elements which includes the gate loop inductance and the stray power loop inductance. Model equations for the current and voltage are derived using the circuit conditions in the Laplace domain, and their nature of oscillation is observed. The simulation of the GaN devices using the DPT circuit is performed in LTSpice and derivation and analysis of model equations of current and voltage for the DPT is done in MATLAB.

This paper proposes a novel switched capacitor based five-level inverter with a two-fold voltage gain and common ground (CG) feature. This common ground feature nullifies the leakage current, which makes it suitable for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) applications. The semiconductor devices in the proposed inverter comprise six switches and one diode, which is low compared to its counterparts. The existing CG-based five-level inverter topologies comprise capacitors rated for twice the source voltage, reducing power density. However, in the proposed inverter, the capacitors are rated for source voltage, which improves the power density and reduces the cost. Capacitor voltages are self-balanced, eliminating the need for a voltage-balancing sensor. Further, a thorough comparison with existing five-level two-fold gain CG-based topologies has been carried out, which shows the merit of the proposed inverter in terms of component count, capacitor voltage rating, total standing voltage, cost factor, and maximum blocking voltage. The modes of operation, modulation scheme, and closed loop grid-connected control scheme are presented. The proposed inverter is simulated using MATLAB Simulink, and the hardware-in-loop test is performed on OPAL-RT 4510 for various steady-state and dynamic conditions, showing the proposed inverter’s efficacy.

In this paper, an elaborate study on the evaluation of reactive power is presented for non-linear single-phase electrical systems. The study covers prominent power theories proposed over the last century and compares the definitions of reactive power with the standard accepted definition today and the elemental power measured across the reactive elements in the circuit. The paper proposes a power theory called the instantaneous phasor components theory for the most accurate evaluation of reactive power for non-sinusoidal systems. The analysis is carried out using detailed simulation studies for various possible relevant electrical circuits. With the help of experimental studies, the paper validates the compensation abilities of the proposed theory by designing an active compensator for a non-sinusoidal system to achieve a sinusoidal and unity power factor source current.

This article introduces resilient and adaptive power integrator and dispatcher, a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) converter topology designed to operate across various voltage levels. Its key advantage over similar converters lies in providing galvanic isolation among all input–output ports, effectively mitigating risks associated with short circuits and lightning strikes while preventing unintended current flow between multiple ports. Incorporating a multiwinding transformer eliminates the need for power electronic switches on the load side by adjusting the secondary-side turns through uncontrolled rectifiers. This streamlined design, managed by a single controller, significantly reduces system complexity while efficiently allocating available power from renewable energy sources and energy storage systems. A comprehensive seven-port hardware prototype has been developed and tested. The experimental results reveal that the proposed MIMO dc converter can effectively handle the power flow between the ports.

This paper proposes a new control algorithm for effective power management in the dc microgrid with renewable energy sources (RES) and energy storage system (ESS). This scheme overcomes the average power sharing and bus voltage regulation problems with maximum utilization of source power. In the source, the additional power available beyond its average rated value is treated as virtual generation. The new references are generated considering virtual generation. The novelty of the proposed algorithm is to bring the virtual generation effectively in operation. The virtual generation of the individual source is based on available power source. The proposed algorithm reduces the charging/discharging cycles of ESS and, hence, enhances the life span of ESS. It reduces the stress on interfaced converters, regulates the system bus voltage, reduces power fluctuations on the sources, and enhances stability. The proposed control algorithm is verified in MATLAB simulation and in real-time simulator.

The voltage source inverters operating in islanded microgrid are used as sources of power similar to synchronous generators (SG) in conventional power system. Unlike synchronous generators, these inverters neither have a natural droop (P-f and Q-V) characteristics nor rotational inertia. The electrical time constant is much lesser than mechanical time constant and hence the load changes will show immediate effect on inverter's performance. It necessitates an immediate response to the load demand which is possible by incorporating the sufficient fast acting energy storage devices. This paper emulates the behaviour of inertia and damping power of SG by using hybrid energy storage system that connected to the emulated PV system. The battery, super capacitor, emulated PV and inverter are treated as one unit and total two such units of different ratings are operated in parallel. The DC-link voltage regulation is done by energy storage devices with reduced stress on the battery. Inverters are operated in decentralized droop control to share proportionate power among themselves and the same droop characteristics are used to regulate the operating frequency. The proposed power sharing scheme is validated by simulation studies using MATLAB.

This paper proposes a power sharing scheme for an Islanded DC microgrid with hybrid energy storage system (HESS). HESS comprises of battery and supercapacitor (SC), where the usage of supercapacitor reduces the current stresses on the battery. This scheme reduces the losses in the HESS interfacing converters along with State of Charge (SOC) balancing. To maintain a constant DC link voltage a DC link voltage controller is employed which is quick and has better regulation compared to droop controlled scheme. An objective function is formed by taking the power loss and SOC into consideration. A centralized controller is employed for sensing the battery's SOC and current demanded by DC link voltage controller. This centralized controller uses Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for solving the objective function and generate optimized coefficients which will share the power among the HESS interfacing converters. The proposed scheme is tested and validated using MATLAB based simulink environment.

This paper proposes an adaptive power management strategy with reduced sensor requirement for grid connected hybrid microgrid system under faulty conditions which occur in grid tied converters. Generally parallel combination of grid tied converters (GTCs) are used as an interface between microgrid and grid, which are responsible for power transfer among renewable energy sources (RES), hybrid energy storage system (HESS), grid and loads. Hence they are very essential parts of microgrid systems but easily prone to faults due to semiconductor switch failures. This in turn effects the operation and reliability of microgrid. To overcome these drawbacks a new power management algorithm is proposed which takes into account converter faults, renewable power availability and state of charge limits of HESS to effectively manage power between different sources and sinks. In this work instantaneous symmetrical component theory (ISCT) is used for power sharing and limiting among grid tied converters, without measuring GTCs powers using control parameters. Apart from ensuring stable microgrid operation, power quality aspects such as harmonic mitigation, reactive power support and unity power factor are achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed system and algorithm is tested and validated using MATLAB based simulink environment.

Operating point of a given wind energy conversion system (WECS) changes due to variations in wind velocity and applied load. As a consequence, mode of operation of the dc-dc converter, which implements maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control algorithm, shuttles between continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Moreover, conventional design process of a converter for CCM operation and control system design principles, which are primarily focused for the regulation of its output voltage, are not applicable for MPPT control implementation. This paper presents the design process of single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) for CCM operation throughout the operating range of a small-scale WECS and discusses the digital redesign process of DSP-based digital control system for effective MPPT control algorithm implementation. TMS320F28335 DSP controller based experimental setup is used for the evaluation of the proposed controller configuration.

Integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into the ac grid is growing very rapidly to meet the high and reliable load demand. The penetration of this growing microgrid structures within the distribution network are leading to several challenging power quality issues. It is mandatory to maintain the voltage and frequency within the prescribed limits at the local bus under any condition of the renewable sources and load. It is a known fact that the behaviour of RES, loads are unpredictable and the need for energy storage system (ESS) becomes extremely important. The sharing of power among grid, RES and storage plays a very vital role for the stable operation of grid integrated microgrid system. Also, the energy storage devices (ESD) need to be operated within its safe limits. Hence a simple control algorithm for power management is being formulated to generate references for RES, ESS interfaced power electronic converters and grid connected converter to mitigate the power imbalance within the dc grid and support sudden frequency variations of the ac grid. Further this method also improves the power quality condition of the ac system. The proposed algorithm is tested and validated using MATLAB based Simulink environment.

There has been an increasing interest in the development of energy-efficient appliances using renewable energy sources. This paper deals with a Photovoltaic (PV) powered BLDC drive as a sustainable solution to air conditioning compressor drive. Compressor of an air conditioner (AC) accounts for 95% of its total power consumption. The bottle necks of operating a compressor drive on PV are: supplying high starting current, effect of intermittent nature of PV on drive performace, effective power management and stable operation in standalone mode. In this work, a control algorithm is proposed to operate a BLDC drive on PV and and a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). HESS is employed to smoothen the intermittent nature of PV and a HESS SOC control algorithm is formulated. The control algorithm limits the drive starting/transient current to 1.5 times the rated current. A virtual damping of DC link voltage is employed to make the system stable. The simulation results confirm the efficacy of control algorithm to obtain desired drive performance under various disturbances in PV and HESS.