Most traffic lights today do not operate with real-time traffic conditions. This results in a waste of time and fuel and increased carbon emissions (CO 2 ). This paper presents a fair techno-economics comparison between three different mainstream IoT technologies/applications to dynamically manage and control traffic lights taking into account real-time traffic density. The first IoT application is based on Smart Antenna technology, whereas the second is High Definition (HD) camera/video sensor system-based technology, and the third is based on Passive Infrared (PIR) system technology. To verify the overall performance results of the proposed three technologies, these results are compared with a benchmark static traffic signaling model, which is typically utilized in today’s traffic signaling.The simulation results indicate that the techno-economics performance of the Smart Antenna-based IoT technology outperforms both HD camera and PIR-based IoT technologies, as well as the conventional static traffic signaling model in terms of the Average Waiting Time (A WT), number of cars serviced, fuel cost, and CO 2 emissions. The more cars crossing the intersection and lower AWT result in saving gallons of fuel and therefore less CO 2 emissions. The results of this work can be used as a guideline for city officials and all stakeholders to effectively plan for future smart city.

The global demand for mobile-broadband data services has experienced phenomenal growth over the last few years, driven by the rapid proliferation of smart devices such as smartphones and tablets. This growth is expected to continue unabated as mobile data traffic is predicted to grow anywhere from 20 to 50 times over the next 5 years. Exacerbating the problem is that such unprecedented surge in smartphones usage, which is characterized by frequent short on/off connections and mobility, generates heavy signaling traffic load in the network "signaling storms". This consumes a disproportion amount of network resources, compromising network throughput and efficiency, and in extreme cases can cause the cellular networks to crash. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), which comprise a combination of macro-cell base stations and low-cost low-power small cell (SC) base stations operating over both licensed (e.g., femto and picocells) and unlicensed (e. g., WiFi access points) bands, have recently emerged as a viable solution to cope with such unprecedented mobile traffic growth. While deploying large number of SCs close to users will certainly help to solve the radio access network's (RAN) capacity and coverage problem, however, there is a significant price to pay — HetNets create a new challenge for the backhaul. The key challenge is how to provide cost-effective, scalable and flexible mobile backhaul solution to connect SCs to the mobile core network. The purpose of this paper is to propose and devise a cost-effective PON-based HetNet mobile backhaul RAN architecture that: 1) leverages existing fibered and powered facilities associated with a PON-based fiber-to-the-Node/ Home (FTTN/FTTH) residential access network; 2) enables, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the support of efficient ground-breaking mobile data and signaling offload techniques, which significantly enhance the performance of both the LTE-A-based HetNet RAN and mobile core network (Evolved Packet Core (EPC) per 3GPP standard), ensure that core network equipment is used more productively, and moderate the evolving signaling growth and optimize its impact.

This paper proposes and devises a novel, simple, and cost effective PON-based 4G mobile backhaul RAN architecture that enables redistributing some of the intelligence currently centralized in the Mobile Packet Core (MPC) platform out into the access nodes of the RAN. Specifically, this work proposes and devises a fully distributed ring-based EPON architecture that enables the support of a converged PON-4G mobile WiMAX/LTE access networking transport infrastructure to seamlessly backhaul both mobile and wireline multimedia traffic and services.

This paper proposes and devises a simple and cost-effective native Ethernet-based self-healing WDM-PON access ring architecture for next-generation broadband access. Specifically, this paper proposes and devises simple, efficient, and cost-effective fully distributed fault detection and recovery schemes for the proposed WDM-PON ring architecture. The main characteristics of the proposed architecture is that it supports a fully distributed control plane among the ONUs, which enables each and every ONU to independently detect, manage, and recover most of the networking failure scenarios.

This paper addresses the important issue of how to optimize the performance of the current mobile backhaul radio access network (RAN) infrastructure to cope with the growing and dynamic nature of the emerging data-centric mobile multimedia traffic and services. Specifically, this work proposes and devises a simple and cost-effective EPON-based dynamic multiservice RAN architecture that efficiently transports and supports a wide range of existing and emerging data-centric mobile multimedia traffic and services along with the diverse quality of service (QoS) and rate requirements set by these services.

This work proposes a simple and cost effective local access WDM-PON architecture that combines the salient features of both traditional static WDM-PON (i.e., dedicated connectivity to all subscribers with bit rate and protocol transparencies, guaranteed QoS, and increased security) and dynamic WDM-PON (i.e., efficiently utilizing network resources via dynamic wavelength allocation/sharing among end-users). Specifically, this paper proposes and devises a novel ring-based local access WDM-PON architecture that efficiently supports dynamic allocation of wavelengths/timeslots and sharing traffic as well as a truly shared LAN capability among PON end-users.

This work proposes a survivable ring-based local access PON architecture that addresses some of the limitations of current tree-based PON architectures including supporting private networking capability as well as providing a fully distributed cost-effective APS scheme.

There is an emerging wide interest to transition from legacy WAN transport technologies to Ethernet-based technology. The current round of carrier Ethernet standards will successfully equip service providers (SPs) with the required tools to provide carrier-grade scalability and to provision and engineer connection-oriented point-to-point (P2P) packet trunks across a native Ethernet infrastructure. Building on these standards, this paper demonstrates how to support and implement full traffic engineering in a global-scale, two-tiered native Ethernet-over-WDM optical networking architecture. To achieve these objectives, several networking innovations are presented and developed including: 1) a GMPLS-based unified control plane that offers a tighter integration between layer-1 (optical transport layer) and layer-2 (Ethernet layer), 2) a fully distributed integrated routing and signaling framework for dynamically provisioning Ethernet switched paths (ESPs) at any bandwidth granularity including both full wavelength and finer granularity (sub-lambda) ESPs in an integrated Ethernet-optical networking environment, and 3) a novel notion of an integrated link-state advertisements strategy that is consistent with a fully integrated routing and signaling protocol

This paper devises and examines via computer simulation an innovative fully distributed global information- based integrated signaling framework for dynamically provisioning EVCs at any bandwidth granularity including both full wavelength and finer granularity (sub-lambda) EVCs at the optical layer.

In this paper we present a TCP friendly explicit rate congestion control mechanism for MPLS networks (TERM). The components of the TERM system include a method for using resource reservation protocol (RSVP) to signal explicit rate information, a weight proportional max-min (WPMM) algorithm that calculates weighted fair rates in O(l) time, and a priority based packet marking and queue management system. Simulations validate that, working in conjunction, TERM components increase throughput of TCP and LDP traffic while enforcing weighted fair rates. The unique TERM approach accomplishes this with minimal network and computational overhead.

We propose a novel ring-based local access Passive Optical Network (PON) architecture that addresses some of the limitations of current tree-based PON. Specifically, we propose a simple ring-based Ethernet PON (EPON) architecture with a fully distributed control plane among the ONUs that supports a truly shared LAN capability among end users as well as upstream access to the central office. This architecture is well suited for an autonomous access environment such as a university campus or a private corporation where several buildings are closely dispersed within a 0.5-1 km diameter area. Unlike a typical ring-based PON topology in which Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and Optical Network Units (ONUs) are interconnected via a long fiber ring, under the proposed architecture, ONUs are interconnected via a short distribution fiber ring in the local loop but share the standard trunk feeder fiber for long reach connectivity to the Central Office (CO).

This paper presents a signaling framework for supporting and implementing traffic engineering in an all Ethernet global multi-service infrastructure.

This paper presents a scalable and flexible system for explicit rate congestion control in multi-protocol label switched networks. Resource reservation protocol is used to signal explicit rate congestion control information for best effort label switched paths. We present a weight proportional max-min fair rate algorithm that works with the signaling mechanism to calculate differentiated fair rates in O(1) time. We propose a method for marking traffic that is above the explicit rate as less than best effort allowing bursty traffic to utilize excess capacity while ensuring all label switched paths get a fair allocation of bandwidth. Simulations are presented that show the effectiveness of the proposed system.

The paper proposes a novel scheme, admission control for Ethernet services (ACES), a centralized system that works with the Ethernet provisioning server and is used in conjunction with the multiple spanning trees protocol to control Ethernet virtual connection admission into the service provider network and to determine the most efficient path selection through the network.

The problem of traffic grooming is a crucial constituent in designing WDM networks and has been extensively studied in the literature. Although it is expected that a part of the future traffic of WDM networks will be multicast, most studies of traffic grooming have assumed only unicast traffic. The paper investigates the problem of grooming multicast traffic in WDM networks. More specifically, different sequential single-hop and multi-hop grooming approaches are studied and compared to traditional non-grooming approaches. We also propose a hybrid approach that utilizes the combined resources at the logical and optical layers.

This work proposes a novel fully distributed Ethernet over star coupler-based PON architecture. The architecture uses a collision-free DBA scheme in which the OLT is excluded from the implementation of the time slot assignment. To implement a distributed control plane, direct connectivity (communicability) between the ONUs should be in place without imposing any constraint on the PON topology. In addition to the added flexibility and reliability associated with a distributed architecture, the performance of the proposed decentralized Ethernet PON scheme and the associated bandwidth allocation algorithms are shown to be as efficient as their centralized counterparts.

Optical dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) has yielded unprecedented levels of bandwidth scalability. In order to exploit these gains, new converged multiservice transport setups have been evolved, most notably under the multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) and generalized MPLS (GMPLS) frameworks. These paradigms offer very efficient data-optical integration and enable a host of new service capabilities. As operators deploy these new technologies, the provisioning of "subwavelength" demands over wavelengths has become a crucial requirement, i.e., traffic engineering/grooming. This work addresses data-optical grooming in converged GMPLS networks. Here, novel integrated constraint-based routing algorithms are developed to provision subwavelength demands at both packet-switching and lightpath routing levels. Simulations indicate notable performance gains and resource efficiencies with the proposed schemes.

We investigate the problem of grooming dynamic multicast traffic in WDM mesh networks. This problem is equivalent to designing a light-tree based logical topology for multicast streams. It consists of four subproblems, namely routing, wavelength assignment, design of a light-tree based logical topology, and traffic-grooming. We develop different routing schemes to efficiently groom low-speed connections on the light-tree based logical topology. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approaches use the network resources more efficiently compared to the nongrooming approach and the approach of serving the multicast requests as separate unicast requests. Moreover, amongst the proposed techniques, the logical-first multihop grooming scheme MC-MHl outperforms all other schemes in terms of blocking probability and performance gain.

Efficient path selection combined with fast restoration algorithms is a key requirement for designing shared restorable mesh networks. In this paper we first discuss a distributed path selection algorithm for efficient routing of restorable connections in optical networks. This approach relies on the knowledge of global information, maintained at each node, to determine link sharability and compute optimal shared paths; we compare its performance to another protocol [C. Assi et al., 2002] that only requires the knowledge of local resource usage. Second, we study the network's ability to recover from single element failures in a shared mesh network and we propose a new restoration algorithm for rapid recovery upon a failure. The significant contribution of this algorithm is that the network restoration time is independent of the protection path length (i.e., the effect of propagation delay is eliminated) as well as the accumulation of the switch configuration times. We evaluate the performance of these protocols through simulation experiments.

The efficient use of network capacity strongly depends upon the path selection procedure. In this paper we propose and evaluate efficient path selection algorithms for survivable optical networks with shared protection. Two distributed path selection algorithms are presented. The first approach maintains global information on network resource usage to determine link sharability and compute the optimal shared paths. The second approach, however, only relies upon local information maintained at each node. Subsequently, we present an analytical model to evaluate the performance of these path selection algorithms and show its accuracy through numerical examples.

Ethernet-based passive optical network (EPON) technology is being considered as a promising solution for next-generation broadband access networks due to the convergence of low-cost Ethernet equipment and low-cost fiber infrastructures. A major feature for this new architecture is the use of a shared transmission media between all users; hence, medium access control arbitration mechanisms are essential for the successful implementation of EPON: i.e., to ensure a contention-free transmission and provide end users with equal access to the shared media. We propose to use the multipoint control protocol defined by the IEEE 802.3ah task force to arbitrate the transmission of different users, and we present different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms to allocate bandwidths effectively and fairly between end users. These DBA algorithms are also augmented to support differentiated services, a crucial requirement for a converged broadband access network with heterogeneous traffic. We show that queueing delays under strict bandwidth allocation algorithms result in an unexpected behavior for certain traffic classes, and we suggest the use of DBA with appropriate local queue management to alleviate this inappropriate behavior. We conduct detailed simulation experiments to study the performance and validate the effectiveness of the proposed protocols.

This paper presents a novel hybrid distributed fault-management protocol for combating single-fiber failures in mesh-based DWDM optical networks. The proposed hybrid approach combines Link State Protocol to disseminate and update information only about the physical connectivity of the network and a distributed local information-based signaling algorithm for connection management. The purpose of using a hybrid approach is two advantages: (1) reducing the signaling overhead associated with the global information-based link state protocol by using a distributed approach where only local information is maintained at each node; and (2) eases the implementation of the routing protocol where physical constraints, such as link/node diversity, are imposed. The performance of the proposed hybrid approach is evaluated via comparing the dedicated-path protection and the shared-path protection schemes in terms of blocking probability, restoration time under failure assumption, and data loss incurred during the recovery phase.

This paper investigates and compares the performance of two generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS)-based distributed control and management protocols for dynamic lightpath provisioning in future IP networks. The first protocol is a global information-based link state approach that consists of both an integrated RWA (routing and wavelength assignment) algorithm and a signaling algorithm. Two triggering mechanisms for LSA (link state advertisement) update procedures are considered; one is a periodically-based update and the other is a threshold-based update. The second protocol is a local-information based fixed alternate link routing approach where the signaling protocol is closely integrated with the RWA protocols.

Image registration is one of the basic image processing operations in remote sensing. With an increasing number of images collected every day from different sensors, automated registration of multi-sensor/multi-spectral images has become an important issue. A wide range of registration techniques exists for different types of applications and data sources, however no algorithm is known that can accurately register multi-source images consistently. This research addresses this problem by investigating the development of a fully automatic registration system for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical remote sensing images. The development of this new automatic image registration method is based on the extraction and matching of common features that are visible in both images. The algorithm involves the following five steps: noise removal, edge extraction, edge linking pattern extraction and pattern matching. The application of the developed automatic image registration model to SAR and optical image pairs showed that accurate ground control points (GCPs) could be identified automatically.

The purpose of this work is to show the benefits gained by dynamically provisioning low-rate traffic streams at the IP/MPLS layer in future IP-centric WDM-based optical networks. First, several low-rate data flows are statistically multiplexed (groomed) onto one wavelength at the IP/MPLS router. Then, conventional dynamic lightpath provisioning schemes at the physical WDM layer, where the bandwidth of a connection request is assumed to be a full wavelength capacity, are extended to allow the provisioning of "sub-lambda" connection flow requests at the IP/MPLS layer. In this work, provisioning a connection request implies that a flow of data is successfully routed if both an active path and another alternate link and node-disjoint backup path are setup at the same time.

This paper proposes two new distributed signaling protocols for fast automatic setup and tear-down of paths across the emerging interconnection models for IP-over-optical-networks. The first scheme is probe flooding-based routing (PFBR) algorithm with backward reservation while the second scheme is based on an adaptive routing algorithm called multi-path routing (MPR) where k paths are probed simultaneously. Our objective in developing these protocols is twofold: first, to simplify the specific signaling protocols or algorithms in the components of MPLS control plane; and second, to adapt the performance optimization algorithm to the requirements of different user applications by having the flexibility to vary the relative weight assigned to each of three performance metrics [call acceptance rate (CAR), call set-up time (CST), and routing distance (RD)].

Multimedia traffic measurements for determining spatial correlation in videoteleconference sessions over a CSMA/CD LAN are performed and the results are presented in this paper. Since packet arrival streams are both correlated and bursty, we present the analysis of the cross-correlation characteristics between the number of arriving audio and video packet batches in discrete-time slots. The results of this experimental study can be extended to WAN environments such as ATM. If cross-correlation among monomedia streams is not properly taken into account, it can severely impact network performance.