Cloud computing is currently playing an essential role in supporting emerging sectors such as smart energy, intelligent transportation, and large-scale distributed systems. The scalability and adaptability features of cloud computing are efficiently enable resource utilization and continuous data exchange in dynamic and heterogeneous environments. However, the increasing demand for cloud services has raised the energy consumption of cloud data centers, which has a critical environmental impact. Therefore, sustainable resource management tactics have become crucial in today's world. Dynamic Virtual Machine (VM) consolidation is one of the major tactics for sustainable resource management in the green cloud computing environment. Herein, a novel dynamic Energy-Aware Cosine Similarity Learning Network (ECSLN) is proposed to predict the overutilized host. Further, an Impact Factor-Based VM Selection (IFBVMS) method is proposed to select VMs for migration, and an ECSLN-Packed Placement method for VM placement into hosts. The main aim of the proposed VM consolidation is to maximize energy efficiency while preserving compliance with Service Level Agreements (SLAs) for sustainable environments. The experimental evaluation using real-world traces like PlanetLab, Bitbrains, and Alibaba Cluster 2020 workload validates that the proposed VM consolidation methods significantly reduce energy consumption and SLA violation compared to the existing methods for sustainable environments. The evaluation shows that the proposed ECSLN-based consolidation framework enables green cloud infrastructure by intelligently balancing energy consumption, SLA violation, and performance of cloud data centers.

The proliferation of interconnected devices in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT) has given rise to the need for robust device identity management and authentication mechanisms in cyber-physical systems (CPSs). Traditional centralized approaches to identity management face challenges of security, scalability, and privacy. Therefore, the paper provides an innovative approach by fusing Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) with blockchain technology to revolutionize device identity management within CPS environments. In this paper, devices autonomously initiate their identity-creation processes. Each device generates a cryptographic key pair comprising a public key for openly identifying the device and a closely guarded private key used for authentication and decryption purposes. The research also introduces an innovative authentication algorithm within CPS environments that employs secure tokens to validate the authenticity of devices. The proposed framework reduces the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches while empowering devices with control over their identities. Overall, the proposed approach not only enhances security, privacy, and resilience within CPSs but also provides a transformative solution for identity management in dynamic and autonomous device environments.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) networks have emerged as a transformative technology with applications ranging from surveillance to disaster response. These networks rely on a decentralized architecture where UAVs communicate with each other and with ground stations. But because UAV networks are naturally weak, especially at the edges, strong security measures are needed to keep private data safe and make sure operations run smoothly. The dynamic and distributed nature of UAV networks poses unique security concerns, including data breaches, unauthorized access, and tampering. To address the security challenges prevalent in UAV networks, we propose a Federated Learning-based Adaptive Security (FLAS) Framework using fully homomorphic encryption (FHE). In the FLAS framework, federated learning (FL) allows UAVs to share knowledge while preserving data privacy to defend against security threats. Its integration ensures that collaborative learning occurs in edge-driven UAV environments without exposing raw data. FHE enables secure computations on encrypted data. The proposed FLAS approach ensures that security measures evolve dynamically to counter emerging threats. Our proposed method not only enhances the security posture of UAV networks but also optimizes resource utilization by distributing the learning process across the network's edge.

The notion of an intelligent transportation system (ITS) aims to boost the performance of transportation networks, which has gained more and more traction in both academic and commercial circles. ITS is a constantly evolving vision that combines cutting-edge transportation approaches with new information, communication, computers, and other technology. ITS should discover consequence routes to enhance the sustainability, safety, and trustworthiness of the entire transportation system utilizing emerging technologies. In this paper, a sustainable safety management framework for connected vehicles is proposed by integrating blockchain. It introduces smart transportation equipment called an AI-enabled vehicle smart device (AVSD) for vehicular communications. AVSD can reduce energy consumption by decreasing the computational costs in vehicular communications. Smart contracts are used to identify vehicles automatically and establish secure communication among vehicles and emergency service stations (ESSs) like hospitals, police stations, and fire stations. The experiment results show that the proposed framework provides a communication environment for sustainable safety and security using the introduced smart transportation device. The proposed blockchain-enabled sustainable safety management framework has the potential to improve safety and sustainability in the transportation industry by creating a secure, decentralized, and transparent platform for managing safety data and promoting safe and sustainable driving behaviors.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) have been growing in the evolution of interaction with the physical world. CPS can control and manages applications of the physical world around us. However, most traditional CPS-based systems have been designed and developed within the centralized system, which can violate security, trust, and privacy (STP). Blockchain is a potential solution to realizing CPS. It can provide data security and privacy through block hash generation and transaction validation schemes. Blockchain applications can enhance the performance of CPS through the peer-to-peer (P2P) communication mechanism. In this paper, we have described several challenges of CPS applications (i.e., smart grids and connected vehicles) and provided blockchain-based solutions to address STP challenges. The benefits of blockchain in CPS have been discussed in this paper. We also proposed a blockchain-enabled CPS and discussed the integration process of blockchain in several components of CPSs. The proposed solutions enhance the performance of CPS concerning security, privacy, and trust management.

A digital twin (DT) is a virtual replica of a physical system that allows simulation, optimization, and predictive maintenance. Its challenges include the need for accurate and up-to-date data as well as the complexity of integrating different systems and technologies. This paper explores the potential of combining digital twin and blockchain technologies to create next-generation transportation systems that are more efficient, secure, and sustainable. DTs can be used to simulate and optimize transportation operations and maintenance, while blockchain can enhance security and transparency in data exchange and transaction verification. By integrating these technologies, transportation systems can become more resilient, adaptable, and responsive to changing demands and challenges. This paper provides an overview of the key concepts and applications of DTs and blockchain in transportation, including use cases such as autonomous vehicles, smart logistics, and mobility as a service. It also discusses the technical and organizational challenges of implementing these technologies and suggests potential solutions and research directions. Specifically, this paper argues that DT and blockchain technologies have the potential to transform transportation systems into more efficient, sustainable, and equitable systems that can meet the needs of present and future generations.

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a network of interconnected medical devices, wearables, and sensors integrated into healthcare systems. It enables real-time data collection and transmission using smart medical devices with trackers and sensors. IoMT offers various benefits to healthcare, including remote patient monitoring, improved precision, and personalized medicine, enhanced healthcare efficiency, cost savings, and advancements in telemedicine. However, with the increasing adoption of IoMT, securing sensitive medical data becomes crucial due to potential risks such as data privacy breaches, compromised health information integrity, and cybersecurity threats to patient information. It is necessary to consider existing security mechanisms and protocols and identify vulnerabilities. The main objectives of this paper aim to identify specific threats, analyze the effectiveness of security measures, and provide a solution to protect sensitive medical data. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach to enhance security management for sensitive medical data using blockchain technology and smart contracts within the IoMT ecosystem. The proposed system aims to provide a decentralized and tamper-resistant platform that ensures data integrity, confidentiality, and controlled access. By integrating blockchain into the IoMT infrastructure, healthcare organizations can significantly enhance the security and privacy of sensitive medical data.

Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the way intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) operate in smart cities. By providing a secure and decentralized platform for data exchange and storage, blockchain can enhance the security, privacy, and interoperability of ITS systems. Blockchain technology can be used for various applications in ITS, including secure data exchange between vehicles, infrastructure, and service providers, smart contracts for autonomous vehicles, and decentralized marketplaces for transportation services. However, implementing blockchain in ITS comes with its own set of challenges, including scalability and high computational power requirements. Despite the challenges, blockchain technology offers significant opportunities for ITS in smart cities, enabling new business models and promoting innovation in transportation services. In this article, we study existing challenges, applications, and future requirements for ITS. We discuss the challenges of the ITS and their impact on smart cities. Blockchain-enabled applications are provided with performance analysis based on the critical parameters of ITS. We also derive the security requirements for future ITS. Finally, we provide some opportunities and possible research areas within the ITS to develop smart cities.

In recent years, the corporate and industrial sectors have been experiencing significant transformations in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. It can improve vehicle safety by giving signals to other vehicles wirelessly. The latest software, hardware, and technologies are applied to develop trusted applications that make V2V communication more believable. Today, various technologies are incorporated into vehicles to remove the barrier to existing challenges. The connected vehicles in V2V communication use sensors, data storage, and communication devices. Vehicles can communicate using the latest secure and trusted Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) technology using direct and network communication modes. Even connected vehicles suffer from data security, user privacy, reliable environment, and vehicle security. Blockchain can help to eliminate those issues in V2V communication systems. Herein, a secure blockchain-enabled V2V communication system (BVCS) is proposed to enhance the security of vehicles and secure data sharing and communication among vehicles. The developed smart contracts in this paper can authenticate users and their vehicles automatically. In this paper, the proposed algorithms can authenticate users, detect unauthorized access, and establish secure communication between vehicles. The proposed system can enhance data security, user privacy, and vehicle security and provide a trusted environment in V2V communication systems.

The concept behind the Internet of Things (IoT) is taking everything and connecting to the internet so that all devices would be able to send and receive data online. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a key component of smart city which is an outcome of IoT. Nowadays the concept of IoT has plaid an important role in our daily life in different sectors like healthcare, agriculture, smart home, wearable, green computing, smart city applications, etc. The emerging IoV is facing a lack of rigor in data processing, limitation of anonymity, privacy, scalability, security challenges. Due to vulnerability IoV devices must face malicious hackers. Nowadays with the help of blockchain (BC) technology energy system become more intelligent, eco-friendly, transparent, energy efficient. This paper highlights two major challenges i.e. scalability and security issues. The flavor of edge computing (EC) considered here to deal with the scalability issue. A BC is a public, shared database that records transactions between two parties that confirms owners through cryptography. After a transaction is validated and cryptographically verified generates “block” on the BC and transactions are ordered chronologically and cannot be altered. Implementing BC and smart contracts technologies will bring security features for IoV. It plays a role to implement the rules and policies to govern the IoV information and transactions and keep them into the BC to secure the data and for future uses.