Recent autostereoscopic 3-D (A3D) displays suffer from many limitations such as narrow viewing angle, low resolution, and shallow depth effects. As these limitations mainly originate from the insufficiency of pixel resources, it is not easy to obtain a feasible solution that can solve all the limitations simultaneously. In many cases, it will be better to find a good compromising design. Generally, the multiview display and the integral imaging display are the representative designs of A3D. However, as they are too canonical and lack flexibility in design, they tend to be a tradeoff. To address these design issues, we have analyzed the multiview display and the integral image display in a light-field coordinate and developed a 3-D display design framework in a light-field space. The developed framework does not use the “view” concept anymore. Instead, it considers the spatial distribution of rays of the 3-D display and provides more flexible and sophisticated design methods. In this paper, the developed design method is explained using a new pixel value assigning algorithm, called the light-field rendering, and vision-based parameter calibration methods for 3-D displays. We have also analyzed the blur effects caused by the depth and display characteristics. By implementing the proposed method, we have designed a 65-in 96-view display with a 4K panel. The developed prototype has showed almost seamless parallax with a high-resolution comparable to the conventional four to five views displays. This paper will be useful to readers interested in A3D displays, especially in the multiview and the integral imaging displays.

This paper describes a novel haptic mouse system which conveys kinesthetic and tactile information simultaneously in virtual environments. The haptic mouse system can provide 2-DOF translational force feedback, vibration, normal pressure, skin stretch and thermal feedback, all of which are important physical quantities of sensing object's shape, stiffness and surface properties. The system can simulate small scale shapes and roughness of surface textures using cutaneous cues generated by individual drives of a 6/spl times/8 pin array. Since thermal differences among surfaces of virtual objects is one of dominant factors in perceiving texture, a thermal feedback unit composed of a heat conduction plate and a temperature sensor is also embedded into the tactile display system. The developed system can be used as a testbed in psychophysical study on tactile perception. We have investigated the influence of the frequency variation on perceived roughness using the haptic mouse system since vibrotaction has been considered as a key factor affecting perception of fine textures by physiology researchers. In order to find out the relation of roughness and vibration, two psychophysical experiments have been performed. The correlation between the vibration frequency and the texture shows that there are certain transitions of perceived roughness. The experimental results yield that the vibrating stimulus is more effective for displaying a fine surface than static displacement display, and it shows a possibility to display finer texture, exceeding the physical limitation of the device.