Computing technology has deeply shaped how academic articles are written and produced, yet article formats and affordances have changed little over centuries. The status quo consists of digital files optimized for printed paper—ill-suited to interactive reading aids, accessibility, dynamic figures, or easy information extraction and reuse. Guided by formative discussions with scholarly communication researchers and publishing tool developers, we present Living Papers, a language toolkit for producing augmented academic articles that span print, interactive, and computational media. Living Papers articles may include formatted text, references, executable code, and interactive components. Articles are parsed into a standardized document format from which a variety of outputs are generated, including static PDFs, dynamic web pages, and extraction APIs for paper content and metadata. We describe Living Papers’ architecture, document model, and reactive runtime, and detail key aspects such as citation processing and conversion of interactive components to static content. We demonstrate the use and extension of Living Papers through examples spanning traditional research papers, explorable explanations, information extraction, and reading aids such as enhanced citations, cross-references, and equations. Living Papers is available as an extensible, open source platform intended to support both article authors and researchers of augmented reading and writing experiences.

Live & rich tools can support a diversity of domain-specific programming tasks, from visualization authoring to data wrangling. Real-world programming, however, requires performing multiple tasks in concert, calling for the use of multiple tools alongside conventional code. Programmers lack environments capable of composing live & rich tools to support these situations. To enable this composition, we contribute Engraft, a component-based API that allows live & rich tools to be embedded within larger environments like computational notebooks. Through recursive embedding of components, Engraft enables several new forms of composition: not only embedding tools inside environments, but also embedding environments within each other and embedding tools and environments in the outside world, including conventional codebases. We demonstrate Engraft with examples from diverse domains, including web-application development, command-line scripting, and physics education. By providing composability, Engraft can help cultivate a cycle of use and innovation in live & rich programming.