Abstract Assume $\mathsf {ZF} + \mathsf {AD}$ and all sets of reals are Suslin. Let $\Gamma $ be a pointclass closed under $\wedge $ , $\vee $ , $\forall ^{\mathbb {R}}$ , continuous substitution, and has the scale property. Let $\kappa = \delta (\Gamma )$ be the supremum of the length of prewellorderings on $\mathbb {R}$ which belong to $\Delta = \Gamma \cap \check \Gamma $ . Let $\mathsf {club}$ denote the collection of club subsets of $\kappa $ . Then the countable length everywhere club uniformization holds for $\kappa $ : For every relation $R \subseteq {}^{<{\omega _1}}\kappa \times \mathsf {club}$ with the property that for all $\ell \in {}^{<{\omega _1}}\kappa $ and clubs $C \subseteq D \subseteq \kappa $ , $R(\ell ,D)$ implies $R(\ell ,C)$ , there is a uniformization function $\Lambda : \mathrm {dom}(R) \rightarrow \mathsf {club}$ with the property that for all $\ell \in \mathrm {dom}(R)$ , $R(\ell ,\Lambda (\ell ))$ . In particular, under these assumptions, for all $n \in \omega $ , $\boldsymbol {\delta }^1_{2n + 1}$ satisfies the countable length everywhere club uniformization.

Abstract Schmidt’s game and other similar intersection games have played an important role in recent years in applications to number theory, dynamics, and Diophantine approximation theory. These games are real games, that is, games in which the players make moves from a complete separable metric space. The determinacy of these games trivially follows from the axiom of determinacy for real games, $\mathsf {AD}_{\mathbb R}$ , which is a much stronger axiom than that asserting all integer games are determined, $\mathsf {AD}$ . One of our main results is a general theorem which under the hypothesis $\mathsf {AD}$ implies the determinacy of intersection games which have a property allowing strategies to be simplified. In particular, we show that Schmidt’s $(\alpha ,\beta ,\rho )$ game on $\mathbb R$ is determined from $\mathsf {AD}$ alone, but on $\mathbb R^n$ for $n \geq 3$ we show that $\mathsf {AD}$ does not imply the determinacy of this game. We then give an application of simple strategies and prove that the winning player in Schmidt’s $(\alpha , \beta , \rho )$ game on $\mathbb {R}$ has a winning positional strategy, without appealing to the axiom of choice. We also prove several other results specifically related to the determinacy of Schmidt’s game. These results highlight the obstacles in obtaining the determinacy of Schmidt’s game from $\mathsf {AD}$ .

The aim of this article is to investigate the impact of data breach severity on the readability of mandatory data breach notification letters. Using a content analysis approach to determine data breach severity attributes (measured by the total number of breached records, type of data accessed, the source of the data breach, and how the data were used), in conjunction with readability measures (reading complexity, numerical intensity, length of letter, word size, and unique words), 512 data breach incidents from 281 U.S. firms across the 2012–2015 period were examined. The results indicate that data breach severity has a positive impact on reading complexity, length of letter, word size, and unique words, and a negative impact on numerical terms. Interpreting the results collectively through the lens of impression management, it can be inferred that business managers may be attempting to obfuscate bad news associated with high data breach severity incidents by manipulating syntactical features of the data breach notification letters in a way that makes the message difficult for individuals to comprehend. The study contributes to the information studies and impression management behavior literatures by analyzing linguistic cues in notifications following a data breach incident.

Cyber-physical systems augment traditional physical systems with cyber control. These cyber controls are intended to improve the efficiency and availability of the physical system. Smart-grid research focuses on improving the existing power grid with intelligent cyber control. Some smart-grid projects consider a future power grid where energy generation is largely decentralized because of widespread renewable generation and energy storage capabilities. However, if a distributed system is used to control this future power grid, faults in the cyber domain can lead to failures in the physical domain. This work treats communications congestion as a potential fault and makes use of congestion notification techniques to anticipate congestion and reconfigure the distributed system. Dynamic reconfiguration of the system maintains its proper operation in the presence of communications congestion such that proper smart grid operation is maintained. Our approach can be applied to other cyber-physical systems where communication is required for the correct operation of the physical network.

This article demonstrates a survey approach for measuring and evaluating IS benefit success from business-to-business (B2B) electronic trading. This article is of significance in demonstrating practical benefit success mechanisms for evaluating complex IS projects. A new survey approach is used to help evaluate the IS benefit success for each participating organisation. Disconfirmation theory and the expectations paradigm are used to justify the overall approach taken. A central tenet of the overall evaluation approach has been the need for a combined evaluation of benefit success based on interpreting or diagnosing two outcomes: (a) the ‘realised benefit outcome’ (RBO), or the actual number of realised strategic and operational benefits a company has achieved, regardless of initial expectations, as well as (b) the ‘benefit state outcome’ (BSO), or the extent of benefit planning gap (BPG) experienced within each company relative to their original expectations. This article demonstrates in detail how to measure benefit success from survey data using a perceptual self-assessed rating instrument. The approach will be useful for other academics and practitioners in the development of usable IS benefits evaluation mechanisms.

In recent years, information and communication technologies (ICTs), particularly web-based technologies, have created a more complex and challenging information technology (IT) environment for governments throughout the world. As more and more activities are migrating from physical to virtual media, users and employees have been faced with relentless pressure to use technology. This calls for a greater understanding of the human, social and cultural issues involved in the acceptance of IT systems by all stakeholders of the organisation. Indeed increasingly it has been acknowledged that one of the main determinants of IT success is organisational culture, and consequently the purpose of this research is to examine cultural barriers and enablers which have impeded or facilitated the implementation of E-Government initiatives in Malaysia. An anthropological framework based on the Grid and Group Cultural Theory of Mary Douglas is used to study this issue in more depth. This framework identifies four cultural cosmologies – hierarchism, egalitarianism, individualism and fatalism. We argue that cultural cosmologies can have both enabling and constraining characteristics and that cultural pluralism in the enabling forms of hierarchism, egalitarianism and individualism is essential for the successful implementation and operation of E-Government services. We illustrate these points through two case studies in Malaysia – one displaying constraining characteristics, which impeded IT implementation/use and the other displaying enabling characteristics, which facilitated IT implementation/use. Finally, a cross comparison of the two case studies on cultural issues is also provided.