In this paper, a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) extension for a third-generation (3G) wireless system is described. The integration of MIMO concepts within the existing UMTS standard and the associated space-time RAKE receiver are explained. An analysis is followed by a description of an actual experimental MIMO transmitter and receiver architecture, both realized on digital signal processors (DSPs) and FPGAs within a precommercial OneBTS base station. It uses four transmit and four receive antennas to achieve downlink data rates up to 1 Mb/s per user with a spreading factor of 32 and the UMTS chip rate of 3.84 MHz. Furthermore, different MIMO detectors are evaluated, comparing their performance and complexity. System performance is evaluated through simulations and indoor over-the-air measurements. Capacity and bit-error rate measurement results are presented.

3D models of the lips have been developed in the framework of an audio visual articulatory speech synthesizer. Unlike most of the regions of the human face, the lips are essentially characterized by their border contours. The internal and external contours of the vermilion zone can be fitted by means of algebraic equations. The coefficients of these equations must be controlled so that the lip shape can be adapted to speaker dependent conformations and to any speech "gesture". To reach this goal, a 3D model of the lips has been based on a geometrical analysis of the natural lips of a French speaker. Our lip model was developed by adjusting a set of continuous functions best fitting the contours of 22 reference lip shapes. Only five parameters are necessary to predict all the equations of the contours of the lip model. From this model, a volumetric model based on implicit surfaces was also developed to take into account lip contact.