Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems will play a crucial role in future wireless communication, but improving their signal detection performance to increase transmission efficiency remains a challenge. To address this issue, we propose extending the discrete signal detection problem in MIMO systems to a continuous one and applying the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method, an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. In our previous studies, we have used a mixture of normal distributions for the prior distribution. In this study, we propose using a mixture of t-distributions, which further improves detection performance. Based on our theoretical analysis and computer simulations, the proposed method can achieve near-optimal signal detection with polynomial computational complexity. This high-performance and practical MIMO signal detection could contribute to the development of the 6th-generation mobile network.

In this paper, we propose a narrow-band coherent FSK transmission system using phase rotated transmit diversity to achieve high-reliability, long-range wireless transmission. The proposed FSK scheme estimates the channel parameters by using the feature that the initial phase of an FSK symbol is uniquely determined, instead of inserting known pilot symbols. The phase rotated transmit diversity scheme reduces the phase discontinuity between the space-time coded FSK symbols, and therefore suppresses any envelope fluctuations. The performance evaluation by computer simulation shows that the proposed scheme improves the transmit power efficiency by about 10 dB compared to conventional STBC. Furthermore, the proposed scheme shows improved performance even in the event of high-speed movement.

Regarding linear estimation theory, the equivalence of the Wiener and Kalman filters is a well-known topic; however, the difference in a practical environment has not been thoroughly discussed. This paper compares the Kalman smoother to the Wiener smoother in terms of practical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing channel estimation on the receiver side. First, conditions for fair comparison are discussed. Under these conditions, the performance and complexity for both methods are numerically investigated. Comparison results show that the Wiener smoother slightly outperforms the Kalman smoother because it avoids cumulative error in sequential processing, while the complexity of the Kalman smoother is always lower than that for the Wiener smoother because there is no large matrix operation.

A massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, which has a very large number of antenna elements at the base station (BS), is a promising technology for future high-speed, high-capacity communication systems. However, it faces a serious issue of limited installation space. To cope with this limitation, a full-dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO) system has been proposed. This system can save installation space as well as control the azimuth and elevation beamforming because the antenna elements are arranged in a two-dimensional (2D) array. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of FD-MIMO in indoor line-of-sight environments by comparing it with a linearly arranged array, that is, a one-dimensional (1D) array. The channel matrices for the evaluations are obtained by using a ray-tracing technique. The results reveal that the FD-MIMO system with a small rectangular 2D array outperforms a 1D array when users are located near the BS.

A distributed antenna system, where antennas at a base station are spatially distributed over the cell, can improve throughput at the cell edge compared to a centralized antenna system. However, the peak capacity degrades when a remote antenna unit has a few antenna elements due to rank deficiency. In general, the number of antennas at the base station is limited by the number of pilot sequences. Thus, it is difficult to increase the number of antennas. In this paper, we use antenna splitting to increase the number of antennas without increasing the number of pilot sequences and evaluate the impact of antenna splitting on the sum capacity in a multiuser MIMO system. From computer simulations, it is shown that we can obtain higher sum capacity by increasing the number of antennas even though the number of pilot sequences is limited.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are well known as a method to improve the throughput performance. Recently, a concept of massive (or very large) MIMO using an antenna array with an order of 100 elements has been proposed. In a demand for low-complexity detection method, belief-propagation based algorithm, which is implementable in the order of the second power of the number of elements, has been developed. In the paper, the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) analysis is applied to clarify the validity of iterative processing capability and evaluate the convergence performance. The results show that the EXIT chart expresses the BER convergence behavior well when the number of antenna elements is 100.

A very large MIMO system has a potential to achieve extremely-high system throughput. In general, however, algorithms detecting spatially-multiplexed signals require the complexity proportional to the cubed number of antenna elements in the least case. Thus, the implementation of an antenna array with an order of 100 elements becomes very difficult. In this paper, we focus on the algorithm which is based on belief propagation and implementable with the second-order calculations. The simulation results show that the algorithm provides very good BER performance in MIMO spatial multiplexing when the number of antenna elements is 100 and reasonably low complexity in comparison to the MMSE spatial filtering.

In the case of broadband wireless access systems operating over non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links, the multipath can be severe. This leads to frequency-selective fading channel which causes distortions of the received signal. The single-carrier (SC) modulation method combined with frequency-domain equalization (FDE) at the receiver has been proposed as an alternative to the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) system due to its relative small peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) achieved at a similar complexity. Furthermore, an eigenbeamspace division multiplexing (E-SDM) technique can be applied to the single-carrier system to improve the spectrum efficiency. This scheme makes use of both spatial and frequency diversity while maintaining a low PAPR. The computation load still remains a challenge for the uplink transmission where the power resources are limited, therefore, in this paper we propose some reduced complexity techniques. The transmission performance of these techniques and the trade-off between complexity and bit error rate (BER) are evaluated in a frequency-selective Rayleigh channel by computer simulations.

A cooperative relay has been studied as a method to improve transmission quality in wireless mesh networks and cellular systems. Multiple antenna elements at a source node enable adaptive beamforming and thus improve total performance of relay transmission. In this paper, we propose simple transmit beamforming at a source node when the source node has two or more antenna elements and knows all channel information in MISO-SISO/MIMO-MIMO amplify-and-forward relays with direct link and evaluate the packet error rate. The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves both low complexity and high performance.

Wireless relay is an essential technology to achieve a flexible network for ubiquitous communication. To improve throughput performance in the network, network coding (NC) has been proposed for a two-user relay node. NC is a concept encoding both users' data into one packet and multicasting it simultaneously. However, if the relay node has two or more antenna elements, antenna pattern control is additionally required to send the packet efficiently to both users. In this paper, we formulate several transmit-beamforming techniques in the interactive wireless relay system and compare the performance with each other and with non-NC systems. Numerical analysis has shown that the method maximizing the total capacity in NC provides the best performance.

In multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, multiuser enhancement is in the implementation phase. Block diagonalization (BD) is known as the safest technique for the multiuser MIMO downlink since it suppresses the inter-user interference (IUI) perfectly. However, BD consumes most of the transmit antenna resource to form many nulls. Thus, it is very difficult to obtain the transmit diversity gain. In the paper, the adaptive selection of the number of layers is considered. Such approaches have been limited to iterative beamforming. Here, we formulate deterministic transmit beamforming as a generalized approach to the BD (GBD), based on a concept of projecting the IUI to a limited vector space. Our proposal can efficiently utilize the extra degrees of freedom, which are obtained in exchange for reducing the number of layers, to provide the diversity gain in the transmit beamforming. The high capability of the GBD is confirmed by computer simulations.

In the paper, we examine Doppler spectrum and bit-error rate (BER) performance of multiuser MIMO systems in an indoor time-varying environment based on our measured data conducted in a meeting room. Simulation results show that both Doppler spectrum and the BER performance are much dependent on the array orientation and the direction of the receiver motion. In the non-line-of-sight environment, the actual Doppler spectrum is quite different from the theoretical U-shaped spectrum in the Jakes' model. In addition, it has been shown that the BER performance is much degraded due to a channel change.

PAPR reduction is an important issue in wireless OFDM transmission. Partial transmit sequence (PTS) is one of the distortionless methods. However, PTS requires side information on the phase rotation. This impacts not only the transmit efficiency but also the standardization process. Thus, blind detection without side information is expected as a solution to implement PTS. In the paper, simple blind detection with very low complexity is proposed. The computer simulation results indicate that the proposal gives almost the same performance as one with perfect side information by selecting a proper set of phase rotation candidates.

In the paper, performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) eigenbeam-space division multiplexing (E-SDM) systems using uniform circular antenna arrays is evaluated. We conducted a MIMO channel measurement campaign at a 5.2 GHz frequency band in an indoor fading environment. Simulation results based on the measured data have shown that differently from the linear array, the BER performance of the circular array is almost the same for the array orientation. It is also shown that the performance can be degraded due to a channel change during the time delay between the transmit weight matrix determination and the actual data transmission. To compensate for the channel change, we have proposed two methods of channel extrapolation. Applying the proposed methods, robust performance can be obtained.

System performance can be improved when channel state information is fed-back to the transmitter, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems can realize eigenbeam-space division multiplexing (E-SDM). Pseudo E-SDM offers both reduced complexity (the mean number of multiplications is reduced to about 1/10 for 4×4 MIMO) and a reduction in the effective channel delay spread compared to E-SDM. This work describes a real-time MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system based on the IEEE802.11n standard. A channel emulator developed using the modified Jakes model provides the fading channels to appraise the algorithm.

In future cellular radio such as IMT-advanced systems, we will encounter a difficulty in sending uplink signals. This is because transmit power is limited by a battery in a terminal and we need higher transmit power to accommodate a wider frequency bandwidth in a higher frequency band. Virtual MIMO-based cooperative communication is expected to be a key technology to solve this problem. Especially, if we have a feedback path from the base station to send the transmit parameters, we can achieve much better performance. However, each terminal has an independent oscillator, and we have inevitably carrier frequency offsets. This causes performance degradation. This paper proposes a transmission scheme compensating for the frequency offsets and multi-stream transmission using eigenbeam space division multiplexing (E-SDM). Furthermore, this paper describes the reduction of feedback amount from a base station. From computer simulation results, it will be shown that the proposed transmission technique has excellent performance.

In the paper, performance of multiuser multiple-input multiple-output eigenbeam-space division multiplexing (E-SDM) systems in the downlink transmission is evaluated in both uncorrelated and correlated time-varying fading environments based on computer-generated data. In the ideal case, using the block diagonalization (BD) scheme, inter-user interference can be completely eliminated at each user; and using the E-SDM technique for each user, optimal resource can be allocated, and spatially orthogonal substreams can be obtained. In realistic environments, however, due to the dynamic nature of the channel and the processing delay at both the transmitter and the receiver, the channel change during the delay may cause existence of inter-user interference even if the BD scheme is used. In addition, the change may also result in large inter-substream interference and no longer lead the allocated data resource for each user to the optimal condition. As a result, system performance may be degraded seriously. To overcome the problem, we propose a method of channel extrapolation to compensate for the channel change. Applying our proposed method, simulation results show that much better system performance can be obtained than the conventional case.

Recently, a multiuser MIMO system has attracted much attention. In the downlink of the multiuser MIMO system, since the base station simultaneously transmits signals to terminals, there is inter-user interference (IUI) at each terminal. Block diagonalization, which can achieve perfect IUI suppression, has been extensively studied to solve the issue. However, with the scheme we cannot obtain extra diversity gain due to the null steering at the base station. In this paper, we propose imperfect block diagonalization based on maximum eigenvectors of users and Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization, and its error rate performance is evaluated using computer simulations. The result shows that, despite its low complexity, the proposed scheme provides excellent performance, especially in many-user environments.

Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) has been studied for suppressing inter-symbol interference (ISI) due to frequency selective fading in single carrier systems. When a high- mobility terminal is assumed in the system, channel transition within an FFT block cannot be ignored. Then, the ISI reduction performance of FDE degrades since cyclicity of the channel matrix is lost. To solve this problem, a method of dividing the received data block into multiple subblocks has been proposed. In the paper, the subblock processing is applied to frequency-domain turbo equalization (FDTE). The results of numerical analysis show a remarkable improvement by the proposed method. Specifically, the FDTE with two-subblock processing can decrease the block error rate floor to less than 0.001 when the maximum Doppler frequency normalized by the block length is 0.4.

Frequency domain equalization (FDE) has been studied for reducing inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency selective fading in single carrier systems. When a high-mobility terminal exists in the system, the channel state may change within a DFT block. Then, the ISI reduction performance of FDE degrades since cyclicity of the channel matrix is lost. We propose to divide a received data block into multiple subblocks to decrease the channel transition within the DFT block in fast fading environments. Also, to satisfy periodicity of the received signal in each subblock, we introduce a pseudo cyclic prefix technique. The results of numerical analysis show that the proposed method can effectively decrease the error floor in fast fading environments.

In a frequency-selective MIMO channel, the optimum beam- forming is achieved by using eigenvectors, i.e., eigenbeam- space division multiplexing (E-SDM), in the frequency domain. However, the calculation load of eigenvalue decomposition increases in proportion to the number of FFT points. In addition, eigenvectors without consideration of frequency continuity increase the delay spread of the effective channel observed at the receiver. Addressing these issues, we have proposed a pseudo eigenvector scheme for the purpose of mitigating the calculation load and maintaining frequency continuity (or decreasing the delay spread). In this paper, we present the PE-SDM performance in a MIMO single-carrier system with MMSE-FDE. The simulation results show that PE-SDM single-carrier transmission provides almost the same or better throughput performance with less complexity in comparison to E-SDM.

The performance of MIMO-OFDM E-SDM systems may be seriously degraded in time-varying fading environments due to a channel transition. In the paper, we propose two methods of channel extrapolation to compensate for the channel change. Futhermore, we also consider a method to reduce the amount of header signal and the computational complexity for the systems. We conducted MIMO measurement campaigns at a 5.2 GHz frequency band to evaluate the system performance. Simulation results based on the measured channel data show that robust bit-error rate performance can be obtained by using our channel prediction methods in both line-of-sight (LOS) and non- LOS environments. It is also shown that the method of reducing the amount of header signal and the computational complexity may be used in the practical implementation point of view.

Performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems applying the eigenbeam-space division multiplexing (E-SDM) technique may be degraded in time-varying fading environments due to a channel change during the time interval between the transmit weight matrix determination and the actual data transmission. We have proposed some channel prediction methods to compensate for the channel change. Simulation results based on computer generated channels showed better performance when using the prediction methods in rich scatterer environments assuming the Jakes model. However, actual MIMO systems may be used in line-of-sight (LOS) environments, and even in a non-LOS (NLOS) case scatterers may not be uniformly distributed around a receiver and/or a transmitter. In addition, mutual coupling between antenna elements should be considered in actual implementation since it affects the system performance. We conducted MIMO measurement campaigns at a 5.2 GHz frequency band to evaluate the channel prediction techniques. In this paper, we present the experiment and simulation results using the measured channel data. It is shown that robust BER performance is obtained when using the channel prediction methods, and that the performance in LOS environments is better than that in NLOS ones.

Frequency domain equalization (FDE) has been studied for suppressing inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency selective fading in single carrier systems. When a high-mobility terminal exists in the system, channel state changes within a DFT block. Then, the ISI reduction performance of FDE degrades since cyclicity of the channel matrix is lost. Here, we propose to divide received data block into multiple subblocks to decrease the channel transition within the DFT block in fast fading environments. Also, to satisfy periodicity of the received signal in each subblock, we introduce a pseudo cyclic prefix technique. The results of numerical analysis show that the proposed method provides 1.3-fold increase in tolerable Doppler frequency for FER of 0.01.

In a frequency-selective MIMO channel, the optimum beamforming is achieved by using eigenvectors, i.e., eigenbeam-space division multiplexing (E-SDM), in the frequency domain. However, the calculation load of eigenvalue decomposition increases in proportion to the number of FFT points. In addition, eigenvectors without consideration of frequency continuity increase the delay spread of the effective channel observed at the receiver. To solve these issues, a pseudo eigenvector technique has been proposed. It has also been reported that a pseudo E-SDM (PE-SDM) technique can provide almost the same or better performance compared with the E-SDM when the receiver employs a simple channel estimator with time windowing. In this paper, focusing on the calculating process of pseudo eigenvectors, we propose a spatial windowing scheme improving the accuracy of the effective channel estimates. The simulation results show that the accuracy in the PE-SDM can be improved by combining the proposed scheme with the conventional time windowing scheme.

In a frequency-selective MIMO channel, the optimum transmission is beamforming based on eigenvectors, i.e., eigenbeam-space division multiplexing (E-SDM), at each frequency point. However, the calculation load of eigenvalue decomposition at the transmitter increases in proportion to the number of frequency points. In addition, frequency-independent eigenvectors increase the delay spread of the effective channel observed at the receiver. In this paper, we propose pseudo eigenvectors for the purpose of reducing the calculation load at the transmitter and maintaining frequency continuity of the effective channel. First, we demonstrate that pseudo eigenvectors decrease the delay spread of the effective channels. Next, the practical performance of the pseudo E-SDM (PE-SDM) transmission in MIMO-OFDM systems is evaluated. The simulation results show that PE-SDM with an interference canceller provides better performance than E-SDM when an estimated effective channel is used to detect the substreams at the receiver.

The UWB-IR (ultra wideband-impulse radio) technology and MIMO system have attracted interest for next generation high rate radio communications. The authors researched IMO-UWB systems using the FDE (frequency domain equalization) technique with the MMSE spatial filtering technique. The UWB system will be used in short range wireless transmissions. Then, we usually have line-of-sight (LOS) environments in the MIMO-UWB systems. The authors conducted propagation measurement and evaluated the transmission performance of MIMO-UWB systems in LOS environments. Then, the authors proposed a timing control scheme for performance improvement. SIC (successive interference canceller) and PIC (parallel interference canceller) are known as better signal separation techniques in MIMO systems. In these techniques, the authors obtain diversity gain subtracting the data detected by a spatial filtering technique from the received signal. Therefore, we can achieve better signal separation performance by the diversity gain. The authors found that the timing control scheme is also needed for the SIC and PIC techniques in LOS MIMO-UWB environments by bit error rate (BER) evaluation. In this paper, the authors show the signal separation performance applying the SIC and PIC techniques with the timing control scheme in LOS environments.

Eigenbeam space division multiplexing systems in a multiple-input multiple-output channel require resource adaptation (a modulation scheme and transmit power allocation for each stream) optimized based on criteria such as throughput maximization. We propose a technique to simplify transmit resource control for the purpose of implementing the algorithm on an actual system. The proposed technique uses simple calculations with eigenvalues derived from the channel information and noise power of a receiver to achieve the most appropriate transmit resource control. By contrast, the conventional technique requires complex calculations of throughput for all possible combinations of modulation schemes. Additionally, our technique can accommodate any number of antenna elements. The results of computer simulation show that the performance of the proposed technique is almost the same as conventional performance throughout the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region, although the simplification is analytically valid only for high SNR

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems using eigenbeam space division multiplexing (E-SDM) perform well and have increased channel capacities. However, channel state information (CSI) is required at a transmitter, and the performance of the systems depends much on the accuracy of the CSI at a transmitter and a receiver. In time-varying fading environments, the channel change between the transmission weight matrix determination time and the actual data transmission time causes the system performance to degrade. To compensate for the channel error, a linear extrapolation method has been proposed for a time division duplexing system. Unfortunately, the performance still deteriorates as the maximum Doppler frequency increases. Here, two new techniques of channel extrapolation are proposed. One is second order extrapolation, and the other is exponential extrapolation. Simulation results for 4tx 4rx MIMO systems show that using the proposed methods, E-SDM system performs better in a higher Doppler frequency region.

This paper deals with experimental considerations for an eigenbeam-space division multiplexing (E-SDM) system with time division duplex downlink in multiple-input multiple-output channels. Channel information in E-SDM is necessary for a transmitter. If the time difference between the transmit weight calculation from the channel information at a transmitter and the actual transmission is large, E-SDM performance degrades because channel orthogonality is not maintained. In this study, indoor experiments of the E-SDM were performed to evaluate channel error compensation using first order extrapolation. Furthermore, simplification of transmit resource control and reduction of calculation load were proposed. Experimental results showed that channel estimation error compensation by first order extrapolation was very effective and improved bit error rate performance

MIMO space division multiplexing in an OFDM system (MIMO-OFDM) can achive high-data-rate transmission without additional frequency spectra. Furthermore, eigenbeam-space division multiplexing (E-SDM) which is also called the singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm can provide maximum throughput in the MIMO channel when channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter. When the uplink and downlink channels are not reciprocal as in a FDD system, we need to feed back the CSI from the receiver to the transmitter. However, capacity is limited because CSI feedback is needed for each subcarrier in an OFDM system. This paper proposes the feedback of the time-domain channel estimated using the minimum mean square error method. The proposed method can reduce the amount of feedback information, and reveals better bit error rate performance than the other schemes.

This paper proposes a novel spatiotemporal equalizer using a cascaded connection of multibeam adaptive array and multi-input maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) based on single-user detection. The computational load for the proposed method is much lower than that of the optimal method, and computer simulations revealed that its bit-error-rate (BER) performance is identical to that of the optimal method. Theoretical analysis also supports equivalency between these methods.

Space-time turbo code is an effective method for enhancing link capacity and maximizing link-budget through a judicious balance between coding gain obtained via turbo codes and diversity gain obtained with multiple antenna transmission. A study of an antenna selection scheme for space-time turbo code is presented in this paper. In the proposed method, the systematic hits and the punctured parity bits are sent from the selected antennas while transmission from the antenna experiencing the poorest channel conditions is effectively suspended. Simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce average transmission power by 3.8 dB compared to the conventional antenna selection method with 2 antennas.

Space division multiple access (SDMA) is a multiple access scheme for mobile communications that improves system capacity. We developed the SDMA base station (BS) and carried out several tests. We describe the configuration of the SDMA BS and the results of the tests. The result of the indoor measurement indicates that the SDMA BS has sufficient interference suppression performance. The results of the field test indicate that the traffic capacity is several times greater than existing systems and interference emitted from the SDMA BS is decreased. Therefore, it is confirmed that the SDMA BS achieves substantial improvements in spectrum efficiency without any degradation.

Multipath propagation causes serious performance degradation in a high-speed mobile TDMA system. We have proposed the adaptive antenna which copes with the multipath signals. These considerations have been limited to an uplink channel. We propose the basestation adaptive antennas both for the uplink and downlink channels. We assume an FDD/TDMA system where the frequencies are different between the uplink and downlink channels. The weight vectors proposed in this paper are determined using DOA estimation. The problem of the frequency difference in FDD is removed by this scheme. For the uplink channel, we can realize the path-diversity using the adaptive antenna with several weight vectors. For the downlink channel, we propose a single-beam adaptive antenna and two-beam one. It is shown that the combination of the two-beam basestation adaptive antenna and the mobile terminal with two-input (two antenna) MLSE equalizer shows better performance.

A PRMA permitting multiple reservation with a multibeam adaptive array has been investigated considering uplink performance improvement. A downlink multiplexing method for TDD packet radio networks with a multibeam adaptive array is investigated. The transmission weight is calculated using the array response vector obtained in the uplink, and the downlink SINR of each terminal is estimated from the obtained weights to decide the multiplexing possibility. In downlink slots, the base station searches states of the downlink slots in the previous frame for the number of multiplexing users. If it is not equal to the maximum, the base station selects terminals, additionally or newly, from limited terminals with long packet delay. The computer simulation results show the improvement in throughput and average packet delay without increasing the processing load.

We discuss downlink beamforming methods in consideration of a terminal having a joint detector function for space division multiple access (SDMA) in both a multi-input single-output (MISO) channel and a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channel. We investigate two methods; a general beamformer, which maximizes the desired signal's power at the receiver (a transmit MRC diversity) and a null steering concept, which avoids the interference signal reaching the receiver. The computer simulation results show that the null steering concept yields better performance compared to the beam steering, even considering the joint detection at the receiver.

A multipath propagation environment is inevitable in mobile radio. Frequency-selective fading is serious hindrance in high-speed TDMA transmission because the delay difference between multipath signals is large in comparison with the symbol duration. This paper presents a novel adaptive antenna for mobile radio. The adaptive antenna has several weight vectors which resolve the multipath signals in the spatial domain. The resolved multipath signals are combined equalizing the delay difference. We also consider the combining coefficients in detail. The proposed adaptive antenna performs path diversity in the spatial domain. Computer simulation results under several scenarios show that the adaptive antenna exhibits excellent performance. We emphasize the importance of the combining coefficients.

This paper proposes the use of an adaptive array, which has the potential to reduce co-channel interference, for the base station, in order to increase the spectral efficiency without decreasing the cell radius. Computer simulation results show that the cluster size can be reduced to one, indicating that we can reuse the same frequency group at all cells. Furthermore, it is determined that wider element spacing provides better performance. The multipath model degrades the SIR performance in the down-link, the degradation being strongly dependent on inter-path correlation.>