Information flow within and between cells depends significantly on calcium (Ca2+) signaling dynamics. However, the biophysical mechanisms that govern emergent patterns of Ca2+ signaling dynamics at the organ level remain elusive. Recent experimental studies in developing Drosophila wing imaginal discs demonstrate the emergence of four distinct patterns of Ca2+ activity: Ca2+ spikes, intercellular Ca2+ transients, tissue-level Ca2+ waves, and a global "fluttering" state. Here, we used a combination of computational modeling and experimental approaches to identify two different populations of cells within tissues that are connected by gap junction proteins. We term these two subpopulations "initiator cells," defined by elevated levels of Phospholipase C (PLC) activity, and "standby cells," which exhibit baseline activity. We found that the type and strength of hormonal stimulation and extent of gap junctional communication jointly determine the predominate class of Ca2+ signaling activity. Further, single-cell Ca2+ spikes are stimulated by insulin, while intercellular Ca2+ waves depend on Gαq activity. Our computational model successfully reproduces how the dynamics of Ca2+ transients varies during organ growth. Phenotypic analysis of perturbations to Gαq and insulin signaling support an integrated model of cytoplasmic Ca2+ as a dynamic reporter of overall tissue growth. Further, we show that perturbations to Ca2+ signaling tune the final size of organs. This work provides a platform to further study how organ size regulation emerges from the crosstalk between biochemical growth signals and heterogeneous cell signaling states.

Destructive effects of impulsive noise has been broadly observed not only in wireless communication systems but also in power-line communications. Impulsive noise is a common impediment in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based communication systems for industry applications. This non-Gaussian noise degrades the performance of conventional equalizers and, hence, elicit a modified version of the equalizer that fits the non-Gaussian description of the noise. This letter proposes a nonlinear minimum mean square error equalizer for OFDM systems where the characteristics of the added noise to the system is known. The soft values were obtained based on the derivation of the equalizer for a memory-less channel impaired with impulsive noise. Obtaining such values are required for the implementation of a turbo-equalization scheme. The validity of such an equalizer is tested through simulations and the result of simulations shows that the nonlinear equalizer is successful in combating the effect of an impulsive noise. Thus, the turbo-coded OFDM system shows a significant boost at low signal-to-noise ratios.

The task of community detection in a graph formalizes the intuitive task of grouping together subsets of vertices such that vertices within clusters are connected tighter than those in disparate clusters. This paper approaches community detection in graphs by constructing Markov random walks on the graphs. The mixing properties of the random walk are then used to identify communities. We use coupling from the past as an algorithmic primitive to translate the mixing properties of the walk into revealing the community structure of the graph. We analyze the performance of our algorithms on specific graph structures, including the stochastic block models (SBM) and LFR random graphs.

We observe a length-n sample generated by an unknown, stationary ergodic Markov process (model) over a finite alphabet A. Given any string w of symbols from A we want estimates of the conditional probability distribution of symbols following w, as well as the stationary probability of w. Two distinct problems that complicate estimation in this setting are: 1) long memory and 2) slow mixing, which could happen even with only one bit of memory. Any consistent estimator in this setting can only converge pointwise over the class of all ergodic Markov models. Namely, given any estimator and any sample size n, the underlying model could be such that the estimator performs poorly on a sample of size n with high probability. But can we look at a length-n sample and identify if an estimate is likely to be accurate? Since the memory is unknown a-priori, a natural approach is to estimate a potentially coarser model with memory kn= O(log n). As n grows, pointwise consistent estimates that hold eventually almost surely (e.a.s.) are known so long as the scaling of knis not superlogarithmic in n. Here, rather than e.a.s. convergence results, we want the best answers possible with a length-n sample. Combining results in universal compression with Aldous' coupling arguments, we obtain sufficient conditions on the lengthn sample (even for slow mixing models) to identify when naive: 1) estimates of the conditional probabilities and 2) estimates related to the stationary probabilities are accurate, and also bound the deviations of the naive estimates from true values.

We consider estimation of binary channels with memory where the transition probabilities (channel parameters) from the input to output are determined by prior outputs (state of the channel). While the channel is unknown, we observe the joint input/output process of the channel - we have n i.i.d. input bits and their corresponding outputs. Motivated by applications related to the backplane channel, we want to estimate the channel parameters as well as the stationary probabilities for each state. Two distinct problems complicate estimation in this setting: (i) long memory, and (ii) slow mixing which could happen even with only one bit of memory. In this setting, any consistent estimator can only converge pointwise over the model class. Namely, given any estimator and any sample size n, the underlying model could be such that the estimator performs poorly on a sample of size n with high probability. But can we look at a length-n sample and identify if an estimate is likely to be accurate? Since the memory is unknown a-priori, a natural approach, known to be consistent, is to estimate a potentially coarser model with memory kn= αnlog n, where αnis a function that grows O(1). Note however that (i) the coarser model is estimated using only samples from the true model; and (ii) we want the best possible answers with a length-n sample, rather than just consistency. Combining results on universal compression and Aldous' coupling arguments, we obtain sufficient conditions (even for slow mixing models) to identify when naive (i) estimates of the channel parameters and (ii) estimates related to the stationary probabilities of the channel states are accurate, and bound their deviations from true values.