Education is one of the most important predictors for success for young children around the world. In the United States, there have been significant movements and progress to advance education to foster the next generation of talent, as seen with legislation such as the No Child Left Behind Act, and, more recently, Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). As a way to provide the public with information and to create a convenient way to view, interpret, compare and contrast educational data, many states in the U.S. have created dashboards at different levels of government that encapsulate performance, along with environmental factors, such as income. These dashboards allow for public accountability and for individuals to see how well certain schools, districts, or areas are performing. By providing these visualizations to educators, principals, and lawmakers, people with authority and power to make meaningful change in K-12 education are better equipped to do so. Such dashboards can carry some unintended consequences, such as the possibility of incorrectly correlating performance with action. But when the underlying issues may be more systemic, for example, based on differences in demographics, these effects can be minimized by creating better quality dashboards that clearly depict demographics alongside performance metrics and outcomes. This paper is significant in reviewing education-specific dashboards and the need to build better dashboards, ensuring that benefits are achieved for a variety of stakeholders.

This article provides an overview of the emergent area of facial emotion recognition (FER). Increasingly, videoconferencing applications are being used to bridge the geographic divide, as telecommuters have opted to work remotely (e.g. from home) during the COVID-19 pandemic. organizations have established business continuity programs that want to ensure that their remote workers are maintaining their health and well-being. As a result, some videoconferencing software can now perform FER, providing feedback to supervisors about how well their workforce is coping during these unprecedented times. What might such technologies mean for how people present in front of the camera? And how do these systems work? The significance of this paper is in presenting an end-to-end technological description of FER systems in the context of a “future of work” use case scenario presenting a working prototype developed by the authors and available on GitHub. The concepts of fairness and algorithmic bias in context is considered, before proceeding to address some of the human and social dimensions of these systems.

Cloud computing has changed how businesses adopt information and communication technology (ICT) services that can be provisioned dynamically, providing more capacity and capability as required without the huge upfront capital expenditure. As consumers continue to use more and more online self-service portals, they increasingly leave digital footprints and personally identifiable information (PII) behind. Hackers, cloud configuration vulnerabilities, insider attacks, and accidental information security leaks are commonplace today, affecting tens of millions, if not hundreds of millions of end-users. This article recounts the story of three of the most significant data breaches internationally, Sony PSN (2011), eBay (2014) and Yahoo! (2014), through the lens of news media at the height of the data breaches. The article captures a variety of cloud computing stakeholder perspectives, identifying key socio-technical considerations that need to be addressed over the longer term for the protection of the end-user, and the continuous improvement of cloud services.

There has been much research conducted on the theme of organized crime. Researchers have considered a variety of typologies of organized crime groups, discussed whether crime groups are organized or disorganized in nature, and provided evidence of organized crime through the use of case studies. This paper reviews previous literature in the domain of organized crime, taking the criminological view in focusing on transnational organized crime. The contribution of this article is in positing that modern day transnational organized crime groups can be likened to adaptive supply chain networks in electronic businesses that have the ability to deliver just-in-time processes and products. In essence, supply chains are the ideal metaphor to study organized crime groups that span several countries, where crime is conducted at a local level within a geographic region that has transnational implications in an end-to-end network. To some degree, organized crime group structures have evolved at the same pace as communications technologies. The internetworking paradox demonstrates how transnational organized crime groups now follow their medium of choice, the Internet, allowing for a seemingly disorganized group of individuals to come together to act in a highly organized and productive manner. In effect online and offline social networks of an illicit type are being facilitated by the growth in new technologies and applications. Furthermore, the wireless Internet has provided an adaptive capability that grants members of illicit networks additional stealth in carrying out criminal activities in a just-in-time mode of operation.

The quality of K-12 public education is a perennial issue in Arizona that has heightened in salience over the past several years, with broad public concerns over insufficient funding sparking the Red for Ed movement for higher teacher pay. However, despite the push for educational change, there remain many barriers to K-12 public school education funding, including a lack of visibility for how Arizona public schools are performing at a legislative district level. Such information is released at a school district level by organizations like the Arizona Department of Education, but much of the information is limited and can be difficult for legislators to parse, particularly when school districts lie on the boundary between two legislative districts. Moreover, school outcome data is often limited to raw spreadsheets for the public and may be fragmented between government websites and educational organizations depending on the metric. Ultimately, this hinders the public’s understanding of the current educational standing. As such, a visualization dashboard that clearly identifies schools and their relative performance within each legislative district would be an invaluable tool for legislative bodies and the Arizona public. It is proposed that a dashboard for Arizona at the district level would increase transparency and availability of public information about these districts, allowing legislators to utilize the dashboard as a tool for greater understanding and more effective policymaking. While there are many positive social implications to be afforded by educational dashboards, this article also points to potential risks of this new visibility without end-user training.

Summary form only given, as follows. A complete record of the panel discussion was not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings. Children need space to grow up, learn, evolve in a manner that allows them to develop through their stages of evolving capacities in a trustworthy environment. The exposure of children in cyberspace opens a wide spectrum of opportunities and risks. Educational apps, social networks, and connected toys open up possibilities to enhance inclusion, learning opportunities, and new experiences for children, but they also create serious risks relating to privacy, safety, security, and ultimately the mental and physical wellbeing of children. How can we design an online/offline environment that is made for children and keeps their best interests in mind?

Cloud computing services have enjoyed explosive growth over the last decade. Users are typically businesses and government agencies who are able to scale their storage and processing requirements, and choose from pre-defined services (e.g. specific software-as-a-service applications). But with this outsourcing has also come the potential for data breaches targeted at the end-user, typically consumers (e.g. who purchase goods at an online retail store), and citizens (e.g. who transact information for their social security needs). This paper briefly introduces U.S.-based cloud computing regulation, including the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), the Gramm Leach Bliley Act (GLBA), and the U.S. Stored Communications Act (SCA). We present how data breach notification (DBN) works in the U.S. by examining three mini-case examples: the 2011 Sony PlayStation Network data breach, the 2015 Anthem Healthcare data breach, and the 2017 Equifax data breach. The findings of the paper show that there is a systemic failure to learn from past data breaches, and that data breaches not only affect business and government clients of cloud computing services but their respective end-user customer base. Finally, the level of sensitivity of data breaches is increasing, from cloud computing hacks on video game platforms, to the targeting of more lucrative network and computer crime abuses aiming at invasive private health and financial data.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) surgeries are not new, although they were only granted approval in the U.S. by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002 for advanced Parkinson’s Disease (PD). In 2016, DBS surgery was approved for earlier stages of PD. This does not mean that DBS surgery, generally considered minimally invasive, does not come without commensurate risks. The Mayo Clinic identifies DBS as a serious and potential risky procedure, whereby those eligible must carefully weigh pros and cons. The aim of this paper is to provide a general overview of deep brain stimulation surgery and to present the findings of available informational resources on 14 hospital and medical center web sites that were reviewed, pertaining to surgical procedures and policies: pre-operative to post-operative. The article focuses on critiquing available educational DBS materials and their adequacy in addressing potential risks of DBS surgery. The findings indicate that hospital informational resources on the DBS surgical technique reaffirm each other’s educational materials and that they positively inform patient decision-making. These factors can be linked to better post-operative recovery. However, the materials provided by the hospitals overemphasize the positive aspects of DBS with relatively little detail about potential side effects. This article also outlines the potential short-term and long-term side effects of DBS surgery as identified by the DBS educational literature found on the hospital web sites reviewed.

Research on AI has gained momentum in recent years. Many scholars and practitioners increasingly highlight the dark sides of AI, particularly related to algorithm bias. This study elucidates situations in which AI-enabled analytics systems make biased decisions against customers based on gender, race, religion, age, nationality or socioeconomic status. Based on a systematic literature review, this research proposes two approaches (i.e., a priori and post-hoc) to overcome such biases in customer management. As part of a priori approach, the findings suggest scientific, application, stakeholder and assurance consistencies. With regard to the post-hoc approach, the findings recommend six steps: bias identification, review of extant findings, selection of the right variables, responsible and ethical model development, data analysis and action on insights. Overall, this study contributes to the ethical and responsible use of AI applications.

Brain machine interfaces (BMI) have traditionally been considered for medical prosthetics. They are now being presented as a means to “merge with the AI”. Entrepreneur Elon Musk has begun trialing his Neuralink technology on pigs, and hopes to incorporate human subjects into his clinical trials of a “breakthrough technology” before year end. Independent of the technology's success to continue through the medical innovation process via the US Food and Drug Administration, it is time to be pondering the social implications of this novel technology. This paper points to some of the questions philosophers and practitioners alike are asking about the potential for BMI.

This paper explores the prospect of brain implants as related to human activity and functioning. The researchers present information compiled through popular data collection using specific keywords related to brain implantation. The study calls into question and discusses the harm that could result if a negligent populace receives brain implants to “merge” with artificial intelligence through brain computer interfaces. Its intent is to raise awareness of the risks that brain implantation imposes on an individual's health, wellbeing and livelihood.

This paper is about stakeholders in the cloud computing value-chain. Early cloud computing literature focused on the technical aspect of the technology and viewed the provider and customer as essential value-chain stakeholders. The more users that use cloud services, the potential for data breaches increases. The review of the literature was carried out using a social-technical approach. Socio-technical theory encapsulates the social, technical and environmental dimensions of a system. The outcomes of the search indicated that there are two pertinent stakeholder types: operational and non-operational. Operational stakeholders include cloud providers, customers, enablers, resellers and third-party providers. Non-operational stakeholders include regulators, legislators, courts, non-government organisations, law enforcement, industry-standard bodies and end-users. The end-users are critically important in the cloud value-chain in that they rely on online services for everyday activities and have their data compromised. The cloud value-chain presents that cloud services encapsulate more than just technology services. The paper considers the complex stakeholder relationships and data breach issues, indicating the need for a better socio-technical response from the stakeholders within the value-chain.

This paper comprehensively defines three forms of body modifications: tattoos, piercings and implants. Some body modifications are functional while others are aesthetic, each serving the needs of its bearer or wearer. The paper describes the motivations behind different forms of body modifications. A document analysis was conducted, inclusive of a public image repository search, to ensure the depth required to reach saturation in the literature and content. A comparison of body modification techniques is assessed across cultural uses, modern applications and risks. Additionally, the health implications of these body modifications are considered and the findings clustered into the themes: physical, psychological and privacy implications. The contribution of this paper is in starting a serious discussion around the potential for health issues to arise from body modification and the impact they may have on the end-user.

When technology is used for good in addressing sustainable development goals, fundamental human rights are adhered to. In the context of technology, we can discuss privacy, data rights and cybersecurity as three areas that are integral in maintaining the freedom and dignity of the individual. In a rush to bring developing nations on par with developed nations, the rapid deployment of technology is often seen as the answer to the achievement of all 17 sustainable development goals. We have seen, for example, biometric systems deployed in India through the Aadhaar biometric ID system versus the adoption of basic mobile technologies in Africa, providing e-payment capabilities. How can we know whether the deployment of new technology will help or inhibit the liberation of peoples, for example, to conduct mobile commerce? This paper emphasizes the need for three ethical elements- privacy, data rights and cybersecurity- in the deployment of new technologies and provides examples throughout history that demonstrate positive or negative applications of technology.

This paper explores the design process of robotics and autonomous systems using a co-design approach, applied ethics, and values-driven methods. Specifically, the approach seeks to move beyond traditional risk assessment toward a greater consideration of end-user exposure. The goal of the ethics-based co-design approach is to identify end-user and stakeholder values that guide the minimization of end-user vulnerability associated with the employment of autonomous systems. This design process is also used to identify positive consequences that probably increase human well-being as opposed to simply avoiding harm. We argue that biomedical autonomous systems design, during the preclinical phase, should bring together diverse stakeholders that would not traditionally be involved in design. We also argue that embedding ethical considerations in the engineering design process should bring together a diverse range of stakeholders to more accurately appreciate possible end-user implications of a design. With complex systems design, such as biotechnologies, greater awareness is necessary of the ethical implications of designed autonomy to end-user exposure.

The so-called fourth industrial revolution and its economic and societal implications are no longer solely an academic concern, but a matter for political as well as public debate. Characterized as the convergence of robotics, AI, autonomous systems and information technology – or cyberphysical systems – the fourth industrial revolution was the focus of the World Economic Forum, at Davos, in 2016[1]. Also in 2016 the US White House initiated a series of public workshops on artificial intelligence (AI) and the creation of an interagency working group, and the European Parliament Committee for Legal Affairs published a draft report with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics.

People are reliant on technology systems for their survival and everyday convenience. From access to clean drinking water, to electricity for cooking, to fuel for driving vehicles to and from work. When a technology system that people rely on is inoperable or inaccessible, end-user vulnerabilities can increase acutely and substantially. While end-users are quite resourceful, a few days without water or electricity or fuel, can quickly turn into a humanitarian or security crisis, especially in densely populated areas. This paper's contribution is a measure to study technology systems and the extent of their contribution to end-user vulnerability. A theory of exposure is presented with a corresponding measure of how to determine exposure of any given technology system, agnostic of geography location or socio-economic circumstances. It is argued, that if the exposure of any given technology system can be reduced, that end-user vulnerabilities are also reduced, providing some control over extreme or unintended events. Researchers and practitioners can use these outcomes on existing technology systems toward optimization, or on new technology systems being introduced into a cyberphysical environment. The accuracy, precision and scaling of the proposed exposure measure are also examined in this paper.

Social media is not only a way to share information among a group of people but also an emerging source of rich primary data that can be crowdsourced for good. The primary function of social media is to allow people to network near real-time, yet the repository of amassed data can also be applied to decision support systems in response to extreme weather events. In this paper, Twitter is used to crowdsource information about several monsoon periods that caused flooding in the megacity of Jakarta, Indonesia. Tweets from two previous monsoons related to flooding were collected and analysed using the hashtag # “banjir”. By analysing the relationship between the tweets and the flood events, this study aims to create “trigger metrics” of flooding based on Twitter activity. Such trigger metrics have the advantage of being able to provide a situational overview of flood conditions in near real-time, as opposed to formal government flood maps that are produced on a six to twelve hourly schedule alone. The aim is to provide continuous intelligence, rather than make decisions on outdated data gathered between extended discrete intervals.

Individuals requiring goods and services essential to their mode of living, are increasingly vulnerable to failures of the complex, interlinked, and inhomogeneous technological systems that supply those needs. Extant analysis techniques do not adequately quantify, from an end-user's perspective, the vulnerability that is contributed by such technological systems. This study explores the significance of inherent weaknesses of inhomogeneous technological systems and proposes an approach for measuring vulnerability as the individual end-user `exposure level' for each service. The measure of "exposure" that is developed, is mapped directly from the configuration of a technological system. This measure of exposure allows quantitative evaluation of existing configurations and proposed improvements to a technological system. The measure can therefore be used to determine which systems currently contribute most exposure to each individual, to identify the causes of that exposure, and to rank mitigation projects' effectiveness.

Presents the work of Norbert Wiener and explores his cybernetics legacy as well as his strong support for interdisciplinary research.

The social implications of a wide variety of technologies are the subject matter of the IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology (SSIT). This paper reviews the SSIT's contributions since the Society's founding in 1982, and surveys the outlook for certain key technologies that may have significant social impacts in the future. Military and security technologies, always of significant interest to SSIT, may become more autonomous with less human intervention, and this may have both good and bad consequences. We examine some current trends such as mobile, wearable, and pervasive computing, and find both dangers and opportunities in these trends. We foresee major social implications in the increasing variety and sophistication of implant technologies, leading to cyborgs and human-machine hybrids. The possibility that the human mind may be simulated in and transferred to hardware may lead to a transhumanist future in which humanity redesigns itself: technology would become society.

Location based social networking (LBSN) applications are part of a new suite of social networking tools. LBSN is the convergence between location based services (LBS) and online social networking (OSN). LBSN applications offer users the ability to look up the location of another “friend” remotely using a smart phone, desktop or other device, anytime and anywhere. Users invite their friends to participate in LBSN and there is a process of consent that follows. This paper explores the potential impact of LBSN upon trust in society. It looks at the willingness of individuals to share their location data with family, friends, co-workers, the government, commercial entities and even strangers. The study used focus groups to collect data, and a qualitative approach towards analysis. The findings of the paper indicate that while most people are willing to share their real-time physical location with persons that they trust (e.g. family and close friends), they are generally reluctant to share such data with co-workers, government agencies and commercial entities. Even within the family context, people set limits to transparency depending on their personal circumstances (e.g. the parent-child relationship is quite different to the sibling relationship).

This paper is predominantly a review of literature on the emerging mobile application area known as location-based social networking. The study applies the social informatics framework to the exploratory question of what effect location based social networking may have on relationships between people. The classification model used in the paper relates previous research on location based services and online social networking together. Specifically the wider study is concerned with literature which identifies the impact of technology on trust with respect to friendship. This paper attempts to draw out the motivations behind using location based social networking applications and the implications this may have on individual privacy and more broadly one's social life. It relies heavily on the domain of social informatics with a view to setting a theoretical underpinning to the shaping between context and information and communication technology design.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags and transponders have traditionally been used to identify domesticated animals so that they can be reunited with their owners in the event that they stray. In the late 1990s, industry started to investigate the benefits of using RFID to identifying non-living things throughout the supply chain toward new efficiencies in business operations. Not long after, people began to consider the possibilities of getting RFID tag or transponder implants for themselves. Mr Amal Graafstra of the United States is one of the first, and probably most well-known `do it yourselfer' (DIY) implantees, who enjoys building customized projects which enable him to interact with his private social living space. Since 2005, hundreds of people have embarked on a mission to interact with their mobile phones, their cars, and their house via a chip implant, providing personalized settings for their own ultimate convenience. This paper presents some of the socio-technical issues facing the RFID implantee sub-culture, namely health and safety, privacy, security, regulation, and societal perceptions. The paper concludes with a list of recommendations related to implantables for hobbyists.

The collection and storage of fingerprint profiles and DNA samples in the field of forensic science for nonviolent crimes is highly controversial. While biometric techniques such as fingerprinting have been used in law enforcement since the early 1900s, DNA presents a more invasive and contentious technique as most sampling is of an intimate nature (e.g. buccal swab). A fingerprint is a pattern residing on the surface of the skin while a DNA sample needs to be extracted in the vast majority of cases (e.g. at times extraction even implying the breaking of the skin). This paper aims to balance the need to collect DNA samples where direct evidence is lacking in violent crimes, versus the systematic collection of DNA from citizens who have committed acts such as petty crimes. The legal, ethical and social issues surrounding the proliferation of DNA collection and storage are explored, with a view to outlining the threats that such a regime may pose to citizens in the not-to-distant future, especially persons belonging to ethnic minority groups.

RFID implants for humans have been used in a variety of contexts since their commercial inception in 2003. The VeriChip product which typically carries a 16 digit number was first marketed as an identification device in the ehealth space (e.g. for emergency response), then as an access control mechanism (e.g. security), and finally as an epayment solution (e.g. the purchase of drinks at clubs). This paper investigates the story behind RFID implants for club patronage access control and epayment. The study uses a two-fold qualitative approach in the collection of data for the single case study of the Baja Beach Club in Barcelona, Spain. A single semi-structured interview was conducted with the IT Manager who created the application at the club that utilised the human chipping product. The full length interview was conducted in Spanish, translated into English, and analysed using content analysis. The interview was supported by an exhaustive search online for documents that met the criteria "Baja Beach Club + implants". The documents returned by this search included academic articles, government policy documents, publicly accessible blogs and media commentary. Search engine results online uncovered one other dominant document type- that of popular religious literature linking implantable microchips in humans to end-time prophecy in the Book of Revelation, the last book of the New Testament. The findings indicate that despite the successful application of RFID implants for club patrons, the complexity of the technology during trialability led to its stilted diffusion. The paper draws on Roger's (1995) diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory to describe the poor uptake of the technology for access control worldwide but points to the possibility that this is only a short-term trend. The paper also ponders on whether the slow rate of adoption of humancentric implantables will continue and what factors might need to be overcome before widespread diffusion can occur.

This special issue explores the state of the art across the RFID technology landscape from hardware, to systems, as well as applications and support for innovative business models.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) has a great number of unfulfilled prospects. Part of the problem until now has been the value proposition behind the technology-it has been marketed as a replacement technique for the barcode when the reality is that it has far greater capability than simply non-line-of-sight identification, towards decision making in strategic management and reengineered business processes. The vision of the internet of things (IOT) has not eventuated but a world in which every object you can see around you carries the possibility of being connected to the internet is still within the realm of possibility. However incremental innovations may see RFID being sold as a service (much like photocopiers are maintained today) than a suite of technologies within a system that are sold as individual or bundled packaged components. This paper outlines the vision for such a product service system, what kinds of smart applications we are likely to see in the future as a result, and the importance of data management capabilities in planetary-scale systems.

The ability to microchip people for unique positive identification, and for tracking and monitoring applications is becoming increasingly scrutinized by the legal profession, civil libertarians, politicians in positions of power, human rights advocates, and last but not least, citizens across jurisdictions. The United States is among the few nations internationally, that have moved to enact state-level legislation, regarding the microchipping of people in a variety of contexts. This paper provides an overview of nine state laws/bills in the United States of America that have either enacted anti-chipping legislation or have recently proposed bills regarding the enforced chipping of persons. The aim of the paper is to highlight excerpts of legislation, to identify relevant stakeholders the legislation is directed toward and to briefly describe how it may affect their chipping practices. As a final outcome, the paper seeks to broadly compare state legislation, identifying differences in penalties and fines, and to show the complexity of this kind of approach to protecting the rights of citizens against unscrupulous uses of advanced information technologies.

This paper explores the work of Professor Kevin Warwick, a researcher in the Department of Cybernetics at the University of Reading in the United Kingdom, who has played a major role in propelling the science of humancentric chip implantation. On the 24thof August 1998, just over a decade ago, Professor Warwick became the first man to officially implant a radio-frequency identification (RFID) transponder under his skin. This paper explores Warwick's achievements, motivations, and chipping experience, offering a unique insight into the ethical dilemmas and controversy surrounding implantable devices for identification purposes, interactive environments and the potential for location-based services. The authors employed a qualitative research strategy. A case study of Professor Kevin Warwick and his research endeavors are presented in a narrative form. The study used three approaches to collect data for the case study- (i) an email questionnaire, (ii) a primary interview, and (iii) secondary documentary sources about Warwick. The data itself is analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The outcome of the research is a contextual account of Warwick's motivations towards the scientific study of implantable computing for the sake of medical progress; one of the approaches which (at least in this instance) underpins chip implant research for human benefit.

This paper introduces the notion of location-based intelligence by tracking the spatial properties and behavior of a single civilian participant over a two-week study period using a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, and displaying them on a geographic information system (GIS). The paper clearly shows the power of combining speed (S), distance (D), time (T) and elevation (E) data with the exact longitude and latitude position of the user. The issues drawn from the observation and the civilian's personal diary are useful in understanding the social implications of tracking and monitoring objects and subjects using GPS. The findings show that while GPS has been used in some very innovative ways, there are a plethora of ethical dilemmas associated with its use on civilians, even if they are requesting a given service and paying for its utilization. From the information recorded during the field observation, a number of inherent technical limitations in GPS were identified which add to the complexity of such related areas as law and commerce. In conclusion, while the benefits of GPS for specific applications is apparent, safeguards need to be put in place to ensure that information gathered by the GPS is not misused or abused. One can envisage that if the wrong hands obtain location information records for individual subscribers that the potential exposure and risk might be even greater than that of stolen credit cards.