Blockchains are used to perform state agreement in a distributed system. However, there is no way to validate off-chain actions, such as physical actions, in the current architecture. This paper proposes a new blockchain architecture which features locally physically-verified transactions. From this new architecture, this paper presents a protocol for securing vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) without the need to constantly communicate with roadside units (RSUs) or other infrastructure components. However, issues such as privacy in VANETs and Blockchains are left to future work. This paper shows the results from simulations of the current system in order to note its weaknesses. In particular, this paper can be used as a benchmark to show that ideas such as Proof-of-Work and full blockchain validation cannot work in a purely peer-to-peer VANET.

The last few years have seen the emergence of two parallel trends: the first of such trends is set by technologies such as Near Field Communication, 2D Bar codes and RFID that support the association of digital information with virtually every object. By using these technologies, ordinary objects such as coffee mugs or advertisement posters provide digital information that can be easily processed. The second trend is set by (semantic) Web services that provide a way to automatically invoke functionalities across the Internet lowering interoperability barriers. The PERCI system, discussed in the article, provides a bridge between these two technologies allowing the invocation of Web services using the information gathered from the tags to effectively transform every object in a service proxy.

This paper presents a characterization study of the HOKUYO PBS-03JN Infrared range-finder and compares it to the characterization of the SICK LMS-200 laser range-finder for use in indoor 2-D mapping. Many parameters that could affect the performance of the sensor including warm-up time, divergence of the detection beam, usable detection range in the azimuth, target surface, color, and size properties, incidence angle at the target, and the mixed pixels problem have been studied. This characterization, quantification of errors, and 3-D confidence in the distance readings of the sensor is vital for practical applications. These characteristics are compared to the counterpart characteristics of the laser range-finder. The PBS-03JN is a cost effective alternative to laser range-finders in indoor environments. The sensor is attractive due to lower power consumption, and its lightweight.