The development of intelligent driving systems has drawn significant attention to enhancing the safety of autonomous vehicles and their intended functionality. Despite this, current accelerated testing approaches remain inadequate in assessing system reliability, as they fail to simulate scenarios involving collisions between vehicles and pedestrians and identify unknown risks. To address these limitations, scenario-based testing methods have been proposed, which seek to identify critical scenarios with a high frequency of exposure to safety risks. A comprehensive review of these methods is thus of paramount significance. In this article, we provide a timely and systematic literature review of existing accelerated testing for autonomous vehicles. We propose a taxonomy of these methods, discuss each subfield, and highlight open problems and future directions. Our objective is to provide a clear and concise overview of the state of the art in this field and to offer insights into the effectiveness of scenario-based testing approaches. By doing so, we aim to facilitate the identification of critical scenarios and the assessment of risk exposure frequencies, which are essential for enhancing the safety and reliability of autonomous vehicles.

This article investigates the group consensus problem for heterogeneous multiagent systems with time delays via pinning control. Under the designed control protocol, agents in the system could be grouped arbitrarily, and agents in the same subgroup could converge to a constraint position. Meanwhile, the kinetics of agents in the same subgroup could be same or different. Both the fixed and switching topologies are considered. Based on the frequency domain method and stability theory, sufficient conditions for the system achieve group consensus are derived. Finally, several numerical examples are presented to verify the performance of the control protocol.

Event-triggered formation control of linear continuous-time multiagent systems is studied in this article. A complex-valued Laplacian is adopted by the local information of desired formation. For each agent, an event-triggering mechanism based on the neighboring information at event-triggering time instants is presented and continuous communications between neighboring agents are avoided. Furthermore, an event-triggered control strategy using the idea of dynamic state observer is designed. It is shown that any desired formation shape can be achieved. Moreover, the Zeno-behavior is strictly excluded. Finally, effectiveness of the obtained theoretical results is validated by two simulation examples.

Event-triggered formation control of multiagent systems under an undirected communication graph is investigated using complex-valued Laplacian. Both continuous-time and discrete-time models are considered. The dynamics of each agent is described by complex-valued differential or difference equations. For each agent, only the discrete-time information of its neighbors is used in the design of formation controllers and event triggers. Triggering time instants for any agent are determined by certain events that depend on the states of its neighboring agents. Continuous updating of controllers and continuous communication among neighboring agents are avoided. The obtained results show that formation can reach specific but arbitrary formation shape. Furthermore, it is shown that the closed-loop system does not exhibit the Zeno phenomenon for the continuous-time dynamics case or the Zeno-like behavior for the discrete-time dynamics case. Finally, numerical simulations for both the continuous-time and the discrete-time dynamics cases are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed distributed event-triggered control methods.

This paper investigates exponential stabilization of continuous-time dynamic systems (CDSs) via event-based impulsive control (EIC) approaches, where the impulsive instants are determined by certain state-dependent triggering condition. The global exponential stability criteria via EIC are derived for nonlinear and linear CDSs, respectively. It is also shown that there is no Zeno-behavior for the concerned closed loop control system. In addition, the developed event-based impulsive scheme is applied to the synchronization problem of master and slave memristive neural networks. Furthermore, a self-triggered impulsive control scheme is developed to avoid continuous communication between the master system and slave system. Finally, two numerical simulation examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed event-based impulsive controllers.

In this paper, we consider the event-triggered distributed average-consensus of discrete-time first-order multiagent systems with limited communication data rate and general directed network topology. In the framework of digital communication network, each agent has a real-valued state but can only exchange finite-bit binary symbolic data sequence with its neighborhood agents at each time step due to the digital communication channels with energy constraints. Novel event-triggered dynamic encoder and decoder for each agent are designed, based on which a distributed control algorithm is proposed. A scheme that selects the number of channel quantization level (number of bits) at each time step is developed, under which all the quantizers in the network are never saturated. The convergence rate of consensus is explicitly characterized, which is related to the scale of network, the maximum degree of nodes, the network structure, the scaling function, the quantization interval, the initial states of agents, the control gain and the event gain. It is also found that under the designed event-triggered protocol, by selecting suitable parameters, for any directed digital network containing a spanning tree, the distributed average consensus can be always achieved with an exponential convergence rate based on merely one bit information exchange between each pair of adjacent agents at each time step. Two simulation examples are provided to illustrate the feasibility of presented protocol and the correctness of the theoretical results.

In this paper, we consider the second-order globally nonlinear consensus in a multiagent network with general directed topology and random interconnection failure by characterizing the behavior of stochastic dynamical system with the corresponding time-averaged system. A criterion for the second-order consensus is derived by constructing a Lyapunov function for the time-averaged network. By associating the solution of random switching nonlinear system with the constructed Lyapunov function, a sufficient condition for second-order globally nonlinear consensus in a multiagent network with random directed interconnections is also established. It is required that the second-order consensus can be achieved in the time-averaged network and the Lyapunov function decreases along the solution of the random switching nonlinear system at an infinite subsequence of the switching moments. A numerical example is presented to justify the correctness of the theoretical results.