Electrical, thermal, and chemical effects of batteries must be considered together for accurate modeling of the battery characteristics. Chemical effects of Lithium-ion batteries involve battery relaxation, recovery effect and reversible entropy heat. Previous hybrid kinetic circuit model can handle the first two chemical effects. This study incorporates the reversible entropy heat in a coupled electro-thermal equivalent circuit to form a dynamic electro-thermal battery model. The new battery model offers accurate dynamic performance as evidenced by good agreements between model predictions and practical measurements in terms of battery voltage, current, temperature and state-of-charge. The error in battery surface temperature prediction is kept within 0.5%. It is suitable for both circuit simulation and practical real-time control.

State synchronization is crucial in matching digital twins to physical objects dynamically in order to have trustworthy modeling and reliable prediction. This work proposes two approaches to ensure state synchronization on the introduced Dual Digital Twin (DDT). DDT is deployed on both the cloud and the edge ends for better realtime monitoring and control of EVs' batteries, especially when Internet communication is limited. In this paper, the state synchronization problem is cast as a stability problem and also a contraction problem to understand systems' evolution over time. The proposed approaches leverage the Lyapunov stability condition and contraction theory to enforce the synchronization between the twin models and real battery states with streaming data. The contraction analysis framework does not require the knowledge of initial points. The derived stability and contraction conditions that reflect the physical properties of dynamical systems can be embedded into the training process of the reduced order model (ROM) neural network. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. The average ROM prediction error is 1.16% and has a 30.39% accuracy improvement with the proposed algorithm.

In this paper, a two-layer adaptive differential evolution (ADE) algorithm is adopted to monitor the parameters of the receiving resonators and the mutual inductances of series-series (SS)-compensated wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. By only measuring the primary coils' voltages and currents, the proposed monitoring method can be applied for multiple-coil SS-compensated WPT systems without any feedback signals from the receivers. Compared to the conventional monitoring method based on the genetic algorithm (GA), which may find local optimal solutions by the manually tuned parameters of the mutation rate, the crossover rate, and the generations, the proposed method based on the two-layer ADE can always find global optimal solutions by the automatically tuned parameters of the differential weight, the crossover rate, and the generations. Experimental results validate that the ADE and the proposed two-layer ADE can monitor the parameters of both two- and three-coil SS-compensated WPT systems more steadily and accurately than the conventional GA. Additionally, the proposed two-layer ADE is verified to monitor the parameters of three-coil SS-compensated WPT systems with three different arrangements more accurately than the ADE.

This article reexamines the historical carbon arc discharge experiment conducted by Humphry Davy in 1801. We present experimental evidence which indicates that such a carbon arc discharge is not only the first artificial light source, but also the world's first man-made memristor ever reported in the scientific literature. The original carbon arc discharge experiment has been repeated with modern power supply equipment with bipolar excitation capability. The carbon arc discharge exhibits the three fingerprints of memristors, including the pinched hysteresis loops, the lobe area changing with operating frequency, and such lobe area approaching zero as the operating frequency increases.

Starting from the basic principles of Tesla's wireless power transfer experiment in the 1890s, this review article addresses the key historical developments of wireless power and its modern applications up to formation of the world's first international wireless power standard “Qi” launched in 2010 for portable electronics. The scientific principles laid down by Nicolas Tesla for wireless power transfer, which still remain valid today, are first explained. Then, modern wireless power applications based on nonradiative (near-field) magnetic coupling for short-range applications are described. Some industrial application examples emerging since the 1960s are highlighted. The article then focuses on the comparison of the horizontal and vertical magnetic flux approaches developed in the early 1990s for low-power planar wireless charging pads. Several critical features such as localized charging, load identification, and freedom of positioning that are essential to wireless charging of portable electronic devices are explained. The core technologies adopted by the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) for the “Qi” Standard in 2010 are summarized. Finally, the latest research and developments of wireless power transfer for midrange applications based on the domino-resonator concept and their future application potential are described.

This paper presents a decoupled optimization technique for design of switching regulators using genetic algorithms (GA). The optimization entails selection of the component values in the regulator to meet some static and dynamic requirements. During the optimization, a regulator is decoupled into two parts, including the power conversion stage (PCS) and the feedback network (FN). The PCS is optimized with the required static characteristics, while the FN is optimized with the required static and dynamic characteristics of the whole system during disturbances. The proposed technique is illustrated with the design of a buck regulator. Predicted results are compared to the available literature and are verified with experimental measurements.