MOTIVATION: Functional profiling of metagenomic samples is essential to decipher the functional capabilities of microbial communities. Traditional and more widely used functional profilers in the context of metagenomics rely on aligning reads against a known reference database. However, aligning sequencing reads against a large and fast-growing database is computationally expensive. In general, k-mer-based sketching techniques have been successfully used in metagenomics to address this bottleneck, notably in taxonomic profiling. In this work, we describe leveraging FracMinHash (implemented in sourmash, a publicly available software), a k-mer-sketching algorithm, to obtain functional profiles of metagenome samples. RESULTS: We show how pieces of the sourmash software (and the resulting FracMinHash sketches) can be put together in a pipeline to functionally profile a metagenomic sample. We named our pipeline fmh-funprofiler. We report that the functional profiles obtained using this pipeline demonstrate comparable completeness and better purity compared to the profiles obtained using other alignment-based methods when applied to simulated metagenomic data. We also report that fmh-funprofiler is 39-99× faster in wall-clock time, and consumes up to 40-55× less memory. Coupled with the KEGG database, this method not only replicates fundamental biological insights but also highlights novel signals from the Human Microbiome Project datasets. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: This fast and lightweight metagenomic functional profiler is freely available and can be accessed here: https://github.com/KoslickiLab/fmh-funprofiler. All scripts of the analyses we present in this manuscript can be found on GitHub.

The Workshop for Learning Technologies, within the European Committee for Standardization (CEN/ISSS WS-LT), produced the Learning Technology Standards Observatory, a Web portal where those interested in the LT standardization process can get familiar with it, learn the main differences between related specifications, follow what is going on, what is planned for the near future and furthermore participate in the process itself. This paper presents the main functionalities and content areas within this site and how users can benefit from its use.

E-learning takes advantage of the new features offered by Web services: integration of heterogeneous applications, publicity of available services, etc. As the adoption of this new technology increases it will become necessary to offer intermediary platforms that make it easier to find and locate services, and composing new services from the existing ones. Additionally, it will also be necessary to provide value-added services like auditing, security or management. We present a proposal for a standard-based intermediary framework for Web services.

We describe a set of modeling techniques for developing vertical applications in specific domains. Previous approaches are mainly focused on obtaining final applications. We propose a methodology to obtain standards-driven service architectures used to build those final applications. This methodology is based on the OMG's MDA (Model Driven Architecture), the Unified Software Development Process and recommendations by other authors like Bass et al. (1999). To test the proposed methodology we have chosen learning/training as our vertical application domain. Also, we have used CORBA as the implementation/deployment environment for the last phases of this experience work. As a result, we have developed a Domain CORBA Facility for learning/training, whose defined services have been derived from a strict and systematic software development process.

The learning technology standardization process is taking one of the leading roles in the research efforts into computer-based education. Institutions like the IEEE, the US Department of Defense and the European Commission have set up committees to deliver recommendations and specifications on this area. Their goal is to provide interoperability among heterogeneous systems and reuse of learning objects. From this standardization work, we propose am open and distributed architecture that identifies some common software services for the e-learning domain. Our aim is to contribute to this standardization process from the software perspective.

Abstract The Internet and the WWW have encouraged the adoption of a three‐tiered architectural style as the general framework for distributed computing. The thin client concept associated with this model is the most suitable for the WWW, because it can be easily mapped to the browser concept. Additionally, the separation of business logic (middle tier) and back‐end services enable further flexibility for the design of this kind of service. Nevertheless, the advent of platform‐independent software models like Java and the availability of common off‐the‐shelf services, like FTP or HTTP, offer new opportunities to more classical distributed computing models. In this paper we revisit the two‐tiered model for Internet environments, and show that the fat client (user interface plus business logic) may still be valid, at least in some environments. We propose two solutions to provide full FTP access from a Java applet. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.