The success of diffusion models has raised concerns about the generation of unsafe or harmful content, prompting concept erasure approaches that fine-tune modules to suppress specific concepts while preserving general generative capabilities. However, as the number of erased concepts grows, these methods often become inefficient and ineffective, since each concept requires a separate set of fine-tuned parameters and may degrade the overall generation quality. In this work, we propose a supertype-subtype concept hierarchy that organizes erased concepts into a parent–child structure. Each erased concept is treated as a child node, and semantically related concepts (e.g., macaw, and bald eagle) are grouped under a shared parent node, referred to as a supertype concept (e.g., bird). Rather than erasing concepts individually, we introduce an effective and efficient group-wise suppression method, where semantically similar concepts are grouped and erased jointly by sharing a single set of learnable parameters. During the erasure phase, standard diffusion regularization is applied to preserve denoising process in unmasked regions. To mitigate the degradation of supertype generation caused by excessive erasure of semantically related subtypes, we propose a novel method called Supertype-Preserving Low-Rank Adaptation (SuPLoRA), which encodes the supertype concept information in the frozen down-projection matrix and updates only the up-projection matrix during erasure. Theoretical analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of SuPLoRA in mitigating generation performance degradation. We construct a more challenging benchmark that requires simultaneous erasure of concepts across diverse domains, including celebrities, objects, and pornographic content. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves a superior balance between effective multi-concept erasure and the preservation of desirable generative performance.

Tactile sensation plays a crucial role in the development of multi-modal large models and embodied intelligence. To collect tactile data with minimal cost as possible, a series of studies have attempted to generate tactile images by vision-to-touch image translation. However, compared to text modality, visual modality-driven tactile generation cannot accurately depict human tactile sensation. In this work, we analyze the characteristics of tactile images in detail from two granularities: object-level (tactile texture, tactile shape), and sensor-level (gel status). We model these granularities of information through text descriptions and propose a fine-grained Text-to-Touch generation method (TextToucher) to generate high-quality tactile samples. Specifically, we introduce a multimodal large language model to build the text sentences about object-level tactile information and employ a set of learnable text prompts to represent the sensor-level tactile information. To better guide the tactile generation process with the built text information, we fuse the dual grains of text information and explore various dual-grain text conditioning methods within the diffusion transformer architecture. Furthermore, we propose a Contrastive Text-Touch Pre-training (CTTP) metric to precisely evaluate the quality of text-driven generated tactile data. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our TextToucher method.

The diffusion models (DMs) have demonstrated the remarkable capability of generating images via learning the noised score function of data distribution. Current DM sampling techniques typically rely on first-order Langevin dynamics at each noise level, with efforts concentrated on refining inter-level denoising strategies. While leveraging additional second-order Hessian geometry to enhance the sampling quality of Langevin is a common practice in Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), the naive attempts to utilize Hessian geometry in high-dimensional DMs lead to quadratic-complexity computational costs, rendering them non-scalable. In this work, we introduce a novel Levenberg-Marquardt-Langevin (LML) method that approximates the diffusion Hessian geometry in a training-free manner, drawing inspiration from the celebrated Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm. Our approach introduces two key innovations: (1) A low-rank approximation of the diffusion Hessian, leveraging the DMs' inherent structure and circumventing explicit quadratic-complexity computations; (2) A damping mechanism to stabilize the approximated Hessian. This LML approximated Hessian geometry enables the diffusion sampling to execute more accurate steps and improve the image generation quality. We further conduct a theoretical analysis to substantiate the approximation error bound of low-rank approximation and the convergence property of the damping mechanism. Extensive experiments across multiple pretrained DMs validate that the LML method significantly improves image generation quality, with negligible computational overhead.

Recent Diffusion models (DMs) advancements have explored incorporating the second-order diffusion Fisher information (DF), defined as the negative Hessian of log density, into various downstream tasks and theoretical analysis. However, current practices typically approximate the diffusion Fisher by applying auto-differentiation to the learned score network. This black-box method, though straightforward, lacks any accuracy guarantee and is time-consuming. In this paper, we show that the diffusion Fisher actually resides within a space spanned by the outer products of score and initial data. Based on the outer-product structure, we develop two efficient approximation algorithms to access the trace and matrix-vector multiplication of DF, respectively. These algorithms bypass the auto-differentiation operations with time-efficient vector-product calculations. Furthermore, we establish the approximation error bounds for the proposed algorithms. Experiments in likelihood evaluation and adjoint optimization demonstrate the superior accuracy and reduced computational cost of our proposed algorithms. Additionally, based on the novel outer-product formulation of DF, we design the first numerical verification experiment for the optimal transport property of the general PF-ODE deduced map.

Recent advancements in offline reinforcement learning (RL) have underscored the capabilities of conditional sequence modeling (CSM), a paradigm that models the action distribution conditioned on both historical trajectories and target returns associated with each state. However, due to the imbalanced return distribution caused by suboptimal datasets, CSM is grappling with a serious distributional shift problem when conditioning on high returns. While recent approaches attempt to empirically tackle this challenge through return rebalancing techniques such as weighted sampling and value-regularized supervision, the relationship between return rebalancing and the performance of CSM methods is not well understood. In this paper, we reveal that both expert-level and full-spectrum return-coverage critically influence the performance and sample efficiency of CSM policies. Building on this finding, we devise a simple yet effective return-coverage rebalancing mechanism that can be seamlessly integrated into common CSM frameworks, including the most widely used one, Decision Transformer (DT). The resulting CSM algorithm, referred to as Return-rebalanced Value-regularized Decision Transformer (RVDT), integrates both implicit and explicit return-coverage rebalancing mechanisms, and achieves state-of-the-art performance in the D4RL experiments.

The ability to associate sight with touch is essential for human and robot agents to understand material properties and to interact with the physical world. In the real-world scenarios, the robot agents often operate in a dynamically changing environment where new classes of objects are continually collected by visual and tactile sensors. In this article, we define this scenario as V isuo- T actile C lass- I ncremental L earning (VT-CIL). In practical VT-CIL, the robot needs to adapt to a new environment with constrained storage and computing resources, and suffers from the severe forgetting of vision and touch knowledge about old environments. To alleviate this problem, we consider visuo-tactile correlations in VT-CIL and propose a novel framework. It efficiently incorporates the Visuo-Tactile Cross-Modal Pseudo-Label-Consistent (VT-CMPLC) constraint, Dual-Visuo-Tactile Exemplars (DVT-E), and the Dual-Visuo-Tactile-Compatible (DVT-C) constraint. The old visual–tactile classes are preserved by the VT-CMPLC constraint and DVT-E, while the visuo-tactile correlations and the VT-CMPLC and DVT-E capabilities are enhanced by the DVT-C constraint. We built two benchmarks, the Touch-and-Go Class-Incremental (TaG-CI) benchmark and the ObjectFolder-Real Class-Incremental (OFR-CI) benchmark. Experimental results on TaG-CI and OFR-CI benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method against previous state-of-the-art class-incremental learning methods in VT-CIL.

In autonomous driving, deep models have shown remarkable performance across various visual perception tasks with the demand of high-quality and huge-diversity training datasets. Such datasets are expected to cover various driving scenarios with adverse weather, lighting conditions, and diverse moving objects. However, manually collecting these data presents huge challenges and is expensive. With the rapid development of large generative models, we propose DriveDiTFit, a novel method for efficiently generating autonomous Driv ing data by Fi ne- t uning pre-trained Di ffusion T ransformers (DiTs). Specifically, DriveDiTFit utilizes a gap-driven modulation technique to carefully select and efficiently fine-tune a few parameters in DiTs according to the discrepancy between the pre-trained source data and the target driving data. Additionally, DriveDiTFit develops an effective weather and lighting condition embedding module to ensure diversity in the generated data, which is initialized by a nearest-semantic-similarity initialization approach. Through progressive tuning scheme to refine the process of detail generation in early diffusion process and enlarging the weights corresponding to small objects in training loss, DriveDiTFit ensures high-quality generation of small moving objects in the generated data. Extensive experiments conducted on driving datasets confirm that our method could efficiently produce diverse real driving data.

Particle-based Variational Inference (ParVI) methods approximate the target distribution by iteratively evolving finite weighted particle systems. Recent advances of ParVI methods reveal the benefits of accelerated position update strategies and dynamic weight adjustment approaches. In this paper, we propose the first ParVI framework that possesses both accelerated position update and dynamical weight adjustment simultaneously, named the General Accelerated Dynamic-Weight Particle-based Variational Inference (GAD-PVI) framework. Generally, GAD-PVI simulates the semi-Hamiltonian gradient flow on a novel Information-Fisher-Rao space, which yields an additional decrease on the local functional dissipation. GAD-PVI is compatible with different dissimilarity functionals and associated smoothing approaches under three information metrics. Experiments on both synthetic and real-world data demonstrate the faster convergence and reduced approximation error of GAD-PVI methods over the state-of-the-art.

While real-world anime super-resolution (SR) has gained increasing attention in the SR community, existing methods still adopt techniques from the photorealistic domain. In this paper, we analyze the anime production workflow and rethink how to use characteristics of it for the sake of the real-world anime SR. First, we argue that video networks and datasets are not necessary for anime SR due to the repetition use of hand-drawing frames. Instead, we propose an anime image collection pipeline by choosing the least compressed and the most informative frames from the video sources. Based on this pipeline, we introduce the Anime Production-oriented Image (API) dataset. In addition, we identify two anime-specific challenges of distorted and faint hand-drawn lines and unwanted color artifacts. We address the first issue by introducing a prediction-oriented compression module in the image degradation model and a pseudo-ground truth preparation with enhanced hand-drawn lines. In addition, we introduce the balanced twin perceptual loss combining both anime and photorealistic high-level features to mitigate unwanted color artifacts and increase visual clarity. We evaluate our method through extensive experiments on the public benchmark, showing our method outperforms state-of-the-art anime dataset-trained approaches. The code is available at https://github.com/Kiteretsu77/APISR.

The vulnerability of deep neural network models to adversarial example attacks is a practical challenge in many artificial intelligence applications. A recent line of work shows that the use of randomization in adversarial training is the key to find optimal strategies against adversarial example attacks. However, in a fully randomized setting where both the defender and the attacker can use randomized strategies, there are no efficient algorithm for finding such an optimal strategy. To fill the gap, we propose the first algorithm of its kind, called FRAT, which models the problem with a new infinite-dimensional continuous-time flow on probability distribution spaces. FRAT maintains a lightweight mixture of models for the defender, with flexibility to efficiently update mixing weights and model parameters at each iteration. Furthermore, FRAT utilizes lightweight sampling subroutines to construct a random strategy for the attacker. We prove that the continuous-time limit of FRAT converges to a mixed Nash equilibria in a zero-sum game formed by a defender and an attacker. Experimental results also demonstrate the efficiency of FRAT on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets.

Minimax problems arise in a wide range of important applications including robust adversarial learning and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) training. Recently, algorithms for minimax problems in the Federated Learning (FL) paradigm have received considerable interest. Existing federated algorithms for general minimax problems require the full aggregation (i.e., aggregation of local model information from all clients) in each training round. Thus, they are inapplicable to an important setting of FL known as the cross-device setting, which involves numerous unreliable mobile/IoT devices. In this paper, we develop the first practical algorithm named CDMA for general minimax problems in the cross-device FL setting. CDMA is based on a Start-Immediately-With-Enough-Responses mechanism, in which the server first signals a subset of clients to perform local computation and then starts to aggregate the local results reported by clients once it receives responses from enough clients in each round. With this mechanism, CDMA is resilient to the low client availability. In addition, CDMA is incorporated with a lightweight global correction in the local update steps of clients, which mitigates the impact of slow network connections. We establish theoretical guarantees of CDMA under different choices of hyperparameters and conduct experiments on AUC maximization, robust adversarial network training, and GAN training tasks. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of CDMA.

Recent years have witnessed a flurry of research activity in graph matching, which aims at finding the correspondence of nodes across two graphs and lies at the heart of many artificial intelligence applications. However, matching heterogeneous graphs with partial overlap remains a challenging problem in real-world applications. This paper proposes the first practical learning-to-match method to meet this challenge. The proposed unsupervised method adopts a novel partial optimal transport paradigm to learn a transport plan and node embeddings simultaneously. In a from-one-to-all manner, the entire learning procedure is decomposed into a series of easy-to-solve sub-procedures, each of which only handles the alignment of a single type of nodes. A mechanism for searching the transport mass is also proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art graph matching methods.

The recently developed Particle-based Variational Inference (ParVI) methods drive the empirical distribution of a set of fixed-weight particles towards a given target distribution by iteratively updating particles' positions. However, the fixed weight restriction greatly confines the empirical distribution's approximation ability, especially when the particle number is limited. In this paper, we propose to dynamically adjust particles' weights according to a Fisher-Rao reaction flow. We develop a general Dynamic-weight Particle-based Variational Inference (DPVI) framework according to a novel continuous composite flow, which evolves the positions and weights of particles simultaneously. We show that the mean-field limit of our composite flow is actually a Wasserstein-Fisher-Rao gradient flow of the associated dissimilarity functional. By using different finite-particle approximations in our general framework, we derive several efficient DPVI algorithms. The empirical results demonstrate the superiority of our derived DPVI algorithms over their fixed-weight counterparts.

Recently, the Stochastic Particle Optimization Sampling (SPOS) method is proposed to solve the particle-collapsing pitfall of deterministic Particle Variational Inference methods by ultilizing the stochastic Overdamped Langevin dynamics to enhance exploration. In this paper, we propose an accelerated particle optimization sampling method called Stochastic Hamiltonian Particle Optimization Sampling (SHPOS). Compared to the first-order dynamics used in SPOS, SHPOS adopts an augmented second-order dynamics, which involves an extra momentum term to achieve acceleration. We establish a non-asymptotic convergence analysis for SHPOS, and show that it enjoys a faster convergence rate than SPOS. Besides, we also propose a variance-reduced stochastic gradient variant of SHPOS for tasks with large-scale datasets and complex models. Experiments on both synthetic and real data validate our theory and demonstrate the superiority of SHPOS over the state-of-the-art.

This paper focuses on projection-free methods for solving smooth Online Convex Optimization (OCO) problems. Existing projection-free methods either achieve suboptimal regret bounds or have high per-round computational costs. To fill this gap, two efficient projection-free online methods called ORGFW and MORGFW are proposed for solving stochastic and adversarial OCO problems, respectively. By employing a recursive gradient estimator, our methods achieve optimal regret bounds (up to a logarithmic factor) while possessing low per-round computational costs. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methods compared to state-of-the-arts.

In this paper, a novel stratified sampling strategy is designed to accelerate the mini-batch SGD. We derive a new iteration-dependent surrogate which bound the stochastic variance from above. To keep the strata minimizing this surrogate with high probability, a stochastic stratifying algorithm is adopted in an adaptive manner, that is, in each iteration, strata are reconstructed only if an easily verifiable condition is met. Based on this novel sampling strategy, we propose an accelerated mini-batch SGD algorithm named SGD-RS. Our theoretical analysis shows that the convergence rate of SGD-RS is superior to the state-of-the-art. Numerical experiments corroborate our theory and demonstrate that SGD-RS achieves at least 3.48-times speed-ups compared to vanilla minibatch SGD.

In this paper, we focus on the continuous DR-submodular maximization over a network. By using the gradient tracking technique, two decentralized algorithms are proposed for deterministic and stochastic settings, respectively. The proposed methods attain the $\epsilon$-accuracy tight approximation ratio for monotone continuous DR-submodular functions in only $O(1/\epsilon)$ and $\tilde{O}(1/\epsilon)$ rounds of communication, respectively, which are superior to the state-of-the-art. Our numerical results show that the proposed methods outperform existing decentralized methods in terms of both computation and communication complexity.

Incremental Gradient (IG) methods are classical strategies in solving finite sum minimization problems. Deterministic IG methods are particularly favorable in handling massive scale problem due to its memory-friendly data access pattern. In this paper, we propose a new deterministic variant of the IG method SVRG that blends a periodically updated full gradient with a component function gradient selected in a cyclic order. Our method uses only $O(1)$ extra gradient storage without compromising the linear convergence. Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed method is advantageous over existing incremental gradient algorithms, especially on problems that does not fit into physical memory.

With the recent proliferation of recommendation system, there have been a lot of interests in session-based prediction methods, particularly those based on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and their variants. However, existing methods either ignore the dwell time prediction that plays an important role in measuring user's engagement on the content, or fail to process very short or noisy sessions. In this paper, we propose a joint predictor, JUMP, for both user click and dwell time in session-based settings. To map its input into a feature vector, JUMP adopts a novel three-layered RNN structure which includes a fast-slow layer for very short sessions and an attention layer for noisy sessions. Experiments demonstrate that JUMP outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both user click and dwell time prediction.

Nowadays, algorithms with fast convergence, small memory footprints, and low per-iteration complexity are particularly favorable for artificial intelligence applications. In this paper, we propose a doubly stochastic algorithm with a novel accelerating multi-momentum technique to solve large scale empirical risk minimization problem for learning tasks. While enjoying a provably superior convergence rate, in each iteration, such algorithm only accesses a mini batch of samples and meanwhile updates a small block of variable coordinates, which substantially reduces the amount of memory reference when both the massive sample size and ultra-high dimensionality are involved. Specifically, to obtain an ε-accurate solution, our algorithm requires only O(log(1/ε)/sqrt(ε)) overall computation for the general convex case and O((n+sqrt{nκ})log(1/ε)) for the strongly convex case. Empirical studies on huge scale datasets are conducted to illustrate the efficiency of our method in practice.

By restricting the iterate on a nonlinear manifold, the recently proposed Riemannian optimization methods prove to be both efficient and effective in low rank tensor completion problems. However, existing methods fail to exploit the easily accessible side information, due to their format mismatch. Consequently, there is still room for improvement. To fill the gap, in this paper, a novel Riemannian model is proposed to tightly integrate the original model and the side information by overcoming their inconsistency. For this model, an efficient Riemannian conjugate gradient descent solver is devised based on a new metric that captures the curvature of the objective. Numerical experiments suggest that our method is more accurate than the state-of-the-art without compromising the efficiency.

Determinantal point process (DPP) is an important probabilistic model that has extensive applications in artificial intelligence. The exact sampling algorithm of DPP requires the full eigenvalue decomposition of the kernel matrix which has high time and space complexities. This prohibits the applications of DPP from large-scale datasets. Previous work has applied the Nystrom method to speedup the sampling algorithm of DPP, and error bounds have been established for the approximation. In this paper we employ the matrix ridge approximation (MRA) to speedup the sampling algorithm of DPP, showing that our approach MRA-DPP has stronger error bound than the Nystrom-DPP. In certain circumstances our MRA-DPP is provably exact, whereas the Nystrom-DPP is far from the ground truth. Finally, experiments on several real-world datasets show that our MRA-DPP is more accurate than the other approximation approaches.

The Nystrom method is an efficient approach to enabling large-scale kernel methods. The Nystrom method generates a fast approximation to any large-scale symmetric positive semidefinete (SPSD) matrix using only a few columns of the SPSD matrix. However, since the Nystrom approximation is low-rank, when the spectrum of the SPSD matrix decays slowly, the Nystrom approximation is of low accuracy. In this paper, we propose a variant of the Nystrom method called the modified Nystrom by spectral shifting (SS-Nystrom). The SS-Nystrom method works well no matter whether the spectrum of SPSD matrix decays fast or slow. We prove that our SS-Nystrom has a much stronger error bound than the standard and modified Nystrom methods, and that SS-Nystrom can be even more accurate than the truncated SVD of the same scale in some cases. We also devise an algorithm such that the SS-Nystrom approximation can be computed nearly as efficient as the modified Nystrom approximation. Finally, our SS-Nystrom method demonstrates significant improvements over the standard and modified Nystrom methods on several real-world datasets.