This paper proposes a novel AI agent for reasoning, planning, and testing industrial automation applications. The AI agent accepts operator instructions in natural language and performs semantic reasoning over functional requirements to generate an optimized cost-effective action plan. This plan comprises a sequence of executable actions that can be deployed in industrial control systems (ICS) to enable efficient and sustainable machine operation. Then the AI agent automates the testing of control systems by comparing the agent’s planned and executed actions against expected outputs, ensuring requirement conformance and enhancing system reliability. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the AI agent in generating sustainable operational plans and validating control system behavior for laboratory scale case studies, underscoring its potential in the future of intelligent industrial automation.

Distribution grids are becoming more decentralized with the increasing penetration of renewable energy resources such as storages, electrical vehicles and renewable energy resources. IEC 61850 is the dominant standard for engineering substation automation systems and the scope is traditionally within the Local Area Network. The scope has since extended to include wide area networks and cybersecurity is now a system requirement that is becoming a must-have. We propose EASy-RM, a requirement management framework for Energy Automation Systems that can trace cybersecurity requirements from requirements (IEC 62443) to specifications (IEC 61850) and to the automation control (IEC 61499). The underlying framework is based on graph theory for formally linking requirements and system artefacts, and graph algorithms over these links are used for requirement management activities. Our results are demonstrated on a CIGRE case study where we demonstrate the tracing of IEC 62443 authentication requirements to IEC 61850 specifications and IEC 61499 implementation.

Persistently exploring ever more sustainable and economically promising alternative protein sources is a grand challenge that humanity must tackle today. Edible insects, as one long-standing food source for mankind, are attracting considerable attention in both academia and capital markets due to the exacerbated global food crisis and new technological advancements. To massively and safely rear edible insects, all stages in their lifecycle must be carefully engineered, monitored, and controlled. This work aims to first investigate the natural mating and ovipositing behaviors of black soldier flies and then engineer an artificial environment that well suits their needs. In particular, a modularized and scalable facility equipped with dedicated light recipe and climate control has been designed and built. The results of our comparative experiments revealed that black soldier flies in the artificial facility tended to have better mating and oviposition quantitatively and qualitatively as compared to the control group in the nature environment. As a result, this work demonstrated that within a well-controlled and comfortable artificial environment, it is possible and feasible to stably breed black soldier flies in large scale. This paves the foundation for industrialized insect-based bioconversion.

In smaller components of industrial or energy automation systems, such as device controllers of Protection and Control (PAC) systems in smart grids, controller functionality is tightly coupled with the physical device or sensor capabilities. At this level, software is small and therefore easy to maintain and test. However, when multiple controllers are interconnected and higher-level functionality is added, software applications grow exponentially, and ensuring maintainability becomes proportionally challenging. In this paper, we extend the IEC 61499 reference architecture used to develop industrial automation software with the principles of Abstraction Layered Architecture (ALA) that has shown up to 400% improvements in industrial software maintainability. We show that even a light application of abstraction layering on the top, application-level of IEC 61499 applications makes them significantly more readable and slightly more maintainable. More concrete gains in maintainability are expected when abstraction layering is integrated into lower layers.

Green modular datacentres are a new class of datacentres which can reduce the carbon footprints of the datacentre industry which accounts for close to 1% of total energy use worldwide. Green modular datacentres can operate as a prosumer and contribute energy to the energy grid through participation in the energy market as a part of the energy community. This paper investigates the interoperability of the datacentre in the energy community by proposing an IEC 61850 Logical Device model for a green modular datacentre. The applicability of the datacentre model is demonstrated through the re-implementation of the Energy Management System of an edge datacentre installation with the proposed IEC 61850 Logical Device model and its logical implementation in IEC 61499.

Contemporary data centres consume electricity on an industrial scale and require control to improve energy efficiency and maintain high availability. The article proposes an idea and structure of the framework supporting development and validation of the multi-agent control for the energy-efficient data centre. The framework comprises two subsystems: the modelling toolbox and the controlling toolbox. This work focuses on such essential components of the controlling toolbox, as an individual controller. The reinforcement learning approach is applied to the controllers’ implementation. The server fan controller, named SF agent, is implemented based on the framework infrastructure and reinforcement learning approach. The agent’s capability of energy-saving is demonstrated.

Modern data centres require control, which aims to improve their energy efficiency and maintain their high availability. This work considers the implementation of a server fan agent, which is intended to minimise the power consumption of the corresponding server fan or group of fans. In the paper, the reinforcement learning approach to energy-efficient control of server fans is suggested. The reinforcement learning workflow is considered. The Simulink blocks simplifying the building of the environment for the reinforcement learning agent are developed. This work provides the framework for creating and training reinforcement learning agents of different types. As the paper is only a work-in-progress, possible type of agents and their training process is described, but training and deploying the agent is a work for the future.

Modern data centres consume electricity at the industrial scale; at the same time, most of them demonstrate redundancy in energy consumption. The two most significant energy consumers in a data centre are its computational system and cooling system. This work focuses on techniques, which adapt the system energy use based on resource requirements at run-time. Actually, this work is an inception phase, which determines the main requirements to control the energy-efficient data centre and develops its general project. For that aim, the general design of the multi-agent control is proposed. The different types of agents are identified and their objectives are determined. Based on agent types the architecture of the multi-agent control is developed and agents' interactions are considered. The paper presents an example of an agent controlling a server fan. The agent is examined using closed-loop co-simulation with a server model.

Smart grid is a cyber-physical system with a high level of complexity due to its decentralized infrastructure. IEC 61850 and IEC 61499 are two industrial standards that can address the challenges introduced by the smart grid on the substation automation level. Development of smart grid automation software is a very time-consuming process due to the need to address many requirements and a high degree of customization in every new substation, which limits the adoption of such smart grid technologies in digital substations. This article aims at addressing this limitation by applying a semiformal boilerplates (BPs) model of functional requirements originally presented in informal natural language. The BPs are then modeled formally in an ontology for model-driven engineering (MDE) model transformation. The contribution of this article is the development of the semiformal and formal BP representation in the form of ontology to formulate smart grid requirements and demonstrating how functional requirements can be translated to IEC 61499 control codes using MDE to autogenerate an IEC 61499 protection and control system with structure and control flow. The MDE framework augmented with the requirement models is illustrated in a case study from the International Council on Large Electric Systems representing different stages of modeling in the proposed framework.

Data centers as all complex systems are prone to faults, and cost of them can be very high. This paper is focused on detecting the faults in the cooling systems, in particular on local fans level. In the paper, a hybrid approach is proposed. In the approach a model is used as substitute of the real system to generate dataset containing records of both normal and fault cases. On the generated data, machine learning algorithm or ensemble of algorithms are selected and trained to detect the faults. To demonstrate the approach, the rack model of real data center is created, and reliability of the model is shown. Using the model, the dataset with normal as well as abnormal records of data is generated. To detect faults of local fans, simple classifiers are built for all pairs: a local fan - a processor unit. Classifiers are trained on one part of generated data (training data), and then their accuracy is estimated on another part of generated data (test data). A real-time fault detection system is built based on the classifiers. The rack model is used as the substitute of the real plant to check operability of the system.

The benefits that arise from the adoption of a systems engineering approach to the design of engineered systems are well understood and documented. However, with software systems, different approaches are required given the changeability of requirements and the malleability of software. With the design of industrial cyber-physical systems, one is confronted with the challenge of designing engineered systems that have a significant software component. Furthermore, that software component must be able to seamlessly interact with both the enterprise's business systems and industrial systems. In this paper, we present Janus, which together with the GORITE BDI agent framework, provides a methodology for the design of agent-based industrial cyber-physical systems. Central to the Janus approach is the development of a logical architecture as in traditional systems engineering and then the allocation of the logical requirements to a BDI (Belief Desire Intention) agent architecture which is derived from the physical architecture for the system. Janus has its origins in product manufacturing; in this paper, we apply it to the problem of Fault Location, Isolation and Service Restoration (FLISR) for power substations.

This paper presents initial results on formal verification of protection functions in a smart power distribution grid. Informal properties of the smart grid were formalized in the language of LTL and formal verification is performed using NuSMV model checker on the closed-loop plant-control model which consists of IEC 61499-based control logic and an abstract plant model of distribution grid with fault scenario. The paper presents the results of verification of dependability, liveliness, safety and security properties. The results show the effectiveness of the closed-loop formal verification methodology.

The smart grid is positioned as the next generation energy distribution system which incorporates distributed renewable energy and digital communication infrastructure. The Smart Grid is considered by many as a complex Cyber-Physical System, a system with tight integration between its modular cyber and physical processes interacting in a networked environment. Traditionally, the method of testing Smart Grid automation systems is based on device-based testing and this is largely influenced by the bottom-up design methods that are used widely in the engineering of the substation automation system. However, with the advent of the Smart Grid and the introduction of distributed based automation systems, requirement-driven testing of the whole automation system may be more beneficial than device based testing. In this paper, a scripted co-simulation platform is introduced with the purpose of automating the testing of functional requirements in distributed substation automation systems. The scripted co-simulation testing framework is illustrated on a CIGRE case study where the distributed automation system is validated against the functional requirements.

This paper proposes a design pattern based on the service-oriented architecture for the design of flexible distributed automation control system for substation automation systems. The design pattern is intended to be applied to control systems based on the leading standards for software development of smart grid: IEC 61850 and IEC 61499. The proposed design pattern models system requirements as orchestrators and IEC 61850 logical node specification is used as the basis for the design of smart grid services. The proposed design pattern is illustrated on a case study of a distribution system which consists of one transformer and five feeder sections. The design pattern is used to design the control system for the feeder section of the case study distribution system which includes the development of the orchestrator from the system requirement to the resultant IEC 61499 control system.

This paper presents an automatic software generation method for energy distribution automation. The method uses the distribution network structure represented in SCL format of the IEC 61850 standard and generates complete executable applications compliant with the IEC 61499 standard. Each equipment element is based on the componentized MVC design pattern and can be executed on a distributed network of HMI and control devices. The challenges solved in this work include design and automatic generation of a library of substation equipment elements according to the MVC design pattern and secondly, automatic generation of SCADA HMI based on the IEC 61850 specification. The design process is demonstrated in a laboratory case study.

This paper proposes a novel method of modelling requirements for smart grid automation systems that fits and complements the leading standards used for software development in smart grid: IEC 61850 and IEC 61499. Ontological representation is used to formally model the systems requirements and the integration of the requirement modelling to be used in conjunction with IEC 61850 specifications and IEC 61499 implementation. The proposed model is illustrated on a case study presented by the CIGRE working group where the system requirement in natural language was firstly modelled in ontology, then implemented in IEC 61499. Lastly, the resulting IEC 61499 control system was tested and validated against the system requirement by signal testing of the end control system.

This paper proposes a method for the automatic generation of smart-grid automation systems software from specifications that includes physical system layout and domain-specific functional “recipes.” The generated software has component organization and implements a decentralized approach to smart grid control, which reduces complexity of automation systems design and modification. The proposed method relies on synergies of two industrial standards IEC 61850 and IEC 61499, which are used to represent a part of the specification and the resulting software model, respectively. Then, the specification model is created in a form of ontology and the generation is based on ontology transformation. The proposed method requires an extension to the Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) to support the change of an ontology axioms set for the purpose of ontology transformation. The proposed transformation language, called extended SWRL, is introduced and illustrated in use. The result shows the viability of eSWRL as an ontology transformation language when demonstrated in a power distribution case study system.

A district heating grid is a hot water pipeline grid used to transmit waste heat from CHP (Combined Heat and Power) production plants to buildings, where it is used for service water and space heating. Currently, broad use of district heating is limited to Northern Europe and some regions in Central Europe, but the European Union Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU and Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/EU drive the widespread adoption of this technology in member states. Further, these directives push the introduction of significant renewable local energy production into these grids, creating a need for a smart district heating grid that is in many ways analogous to the smart electric grid. One major difference is that in a hot water pipeline grid, there are significant delays in energy propagation, so algorithms developed for the smart electric grid are not directly applicable. In this paper, an auction based heat trade mechanism is proposed between an auctioneer agent representing the CHP plant operator and prosumer agents representing end users with local solar thermal generation capacity. A predictive simulation is used by an auctioneer to account for the said delays in energy production and to determine the market price that best satisfies the performance indicators defined by the CHP plant operator. The proposed multi-agent system is demonstrated by co-simulating it against a model of a part of a Finnish municipality's district heating grid.

The future distribution grid known as the smart grid will become more distributed in both infrastructure and control. IEC 61850 and IEC 61499 are two industrial standards addressing the challenges presented by a decentralized infrastructure. This paper contributes to system engineering of smart grid automation by enabling automatic generation of IEC 61499 control systems from IEC 61850 specifications. The areas which this paper fills is proposing a method to formally capture the logical node to logical node message passing which is lacking in the IEC 61850 standard. The proposed method is to represent an IEC 61850 protection scheme as a graph and then integrate it into the IEC 61850 ontology developed previously. The case study used is a sympathetic tripping protection scenario which demonstrates how the process of developing the graph model from the protection scheme and applying ontology rules to automatically generate the resultant IEC 61499 function blocks with meaningful connections between the logical nodes.

The emergence of LED luminaires that can be dimmed rapidly and frequently enables radical innovations in street lighting automation. It is possible to save considerable amounts of energy by adjusting street lighting according to the movements of individual road users. Since the same lights are often used for illuminating both vehicle lanes and sidewalks, it is necessary to detect both vehicles and pedestrians. A simulation of vehicle and pedestrian traffic is interfaced to a distributed street lighting system based on the IEC 61499 standard, in order to quantify the energy saving potential of a street lighting automation system that exploits real-time sensing information of individual road users while conforming to traffic safety related requirements for road lighting.

In this paper an ontology driven approach to the design of control systems, in particular, control applications of IEC 61499 standard is proposed. The source ontology is an ontological description of control object (plant) while the target ontology is an ontological description of a control system implemented using an appropriate programming language. For the ontologies transformation an extension of SWRL (called eSWRL) is informally introduced. An example of transformation of the ontological description of a baggage handling system to the ontological description of a control application based on IEC 61499 function blocks (FB) is in detail considered. The corresponding transformation rules have been developed in the context of this example.

A smart electric grid incorporating local generation and storage is an area of active research in the industrial automation community. Very little attention has been given to similar possibilities in hot water grids that are used extensively for district heating in several countries, especially in Central and Northern Europe. In this paper, possibilities for heat trade in such a grid are investigated through simulation, considering the thermo-hydraulic properties of such a grid. For the distributed automation of several independent producer-consumers, an event based IEC 61499 solution is presented. The paper proposes a co-simulation environment for a dynamic process simulator and an event based control system, which is applied to the district heating case.

IEC 61850 is a new standard for substation automation which attempts to standardize communication within substations by introducing a set of new communication services operating over the Ethernet framework. The communication of interest for protection is IEC 61850 GOOSE messaging. GOOSE messaging is a peer to peer service designed for protection applications within substations. There is a growing interest in filling the void of control in the IEC 61850 standard. The Intelligent Logical Nodes (iLN) architecture is one such solution which uses IEC 61499 as the complimentary control system for IEC 61850. The missing component in the iLN architecture is the various communication profiles introduced in the IEC 61850 standard. This paper presents an implementation of IEC 61850 GOOSE messaging for the IEC 61499 IDE that implements event-driven execution semantics by means of the SharpPcap library.

This paper proposes new type of software components for distributed automation systems that are capable of adapting to the computational load conditions by migrating to other devices. The migration is seen as a basic mechanism of bio-inspired heuristic search for more optimal overall load across distributed network of devices. The adaptable components can form digital ecologies self-configuring themselves after changes in the environment. The proposed architecture is prototyped using extended IEC 61499 distributed reference architecture. A simple use case of a baggage handling system is used for illustration.

This paper presents an introductory step in the automatic generation of distributed control software for power distribution automation systems based on Ontology Driven Engineering enabled by industrial standards IEC61850 and IEC61499. The novelty of this approach is the ability of automatically generating the logical connections between the logical nodes. The paper covers the several stages of the transformation process, such as developing the IEC61850 ontology and the ontology transformation rules. The developed IEC61850 ontology includes the logical nodes descriptions and additional contextual relations between the logical nodes which is lacking in the IEC61850 SCL configuration language. Then, the IEC61850 ontology is transformed to an existing IEC61499 ontology, adding classes of IEC61850 logical nodes as IEC61499 function blocks in the IEC61499 ontology. The means of the transformation of the ontologies is based on the eSWRL sematic web rules language, an extension to the rule language SWRL. The end result is the development of an IEC61850 ontology and a set of eSWRL rules which facilitates the ontology transformation.

The second edition of the IEC 61499 standard aims to clarify the interpretation ambiguities of function block's execution semantics. This resolves the pivotal issue of realizing portable and interoperable implementations of the IEC 61499 reference architecture. As the IEC 61499 standard is about entering its technology takeoff phase, these clarifications are timely and important. It is hence expected that more innovators of automation software tools, runtime environments, and control hardware will start adopting this technology. To assist such adoption, this paper presents a study of existing IEC 61499 tools' portability issues. In particular, the features of currently active IEC 61499 tools, such as FBDK, ISaGRAF, 4DIAC, and nxtStudio are outlined. Their incompatibility issues due to different execution semantics are exemplified. Moreover, it is also illustrated in this paper how these issues can be addressed by complying with the updated norms.

This paper presents a practical framework to bring the cyber-physical block diagram models, such as Ptolemy, to the practice of industrial automation. Cyber-Physical Component (CPC) architecture is suggested. CPC aims at the improvement of design, verification and validation practices in automation of Smart Grid. IEC 61499 standard is used as a basis for this architecture. This architecture addresses several design software and system engineering challenges: right equilibrium between abstract representation and “executability” and round-trip engineering. An CPC exhibit such properties as portability, interoperability and configurability thanks to the reliance on open standards. The use of time stamp based execution paradigm adds determinism and predictability at the run-time.

This paper presents a visualization architecture to facilitate automated design for distributed automation applications. CAD is used as a source of software models as it was found to provide detailed physical information, particularly for visualization. The approach assumes a fully distributed control architecture, with each system component functionally encapsulated into IEC 61499 Function Block. A baggage handling system is used as a running example throughout this work. Simulation models of the plant were executed in closed-loop with controllers. A corresponding 3D visualization was generated and parameterized based on CAD drawing, then linked to the simulation for a live view of the plant model.

This paper presents an implementation of Plug-and-Play for the FREEDM system with IEC61499 function blocks. The FREEDM system is the envisioned next generation power distribution infrastructure which integrates DRER/ER with the legacy grid and is enabled by novel power electronics and distributed control. Plug-and-Play device integration is one of the key features of the FREEDM system that allows distributed renewable energy resources and distributed energy storage devices to be added or removed from the FREEDM distributed intelligent devices seamlessly. IEC61499 is an open standard for designing distributed control systems, which is investigated in the FREEDM project as an underlying system-level software architecture. Plug-and-Play is achieved by dynamic reconfiguration in IEC61499 to create the necessary function blocks during runtime for enabling Plug-and-Play between the DRER and the DGI devices. The developed Plug-and-Play technology is incorporated into the FREEDM infrastructure implemented in IEC61499 function blocks.

IEC 61850 is the new standard for substation automation. One of the IEC 61850 communication services, designed specifically for protection within the substation automation system is GOOSE messaging. GOOSE messaging is a peer to peer communication protocol aiming to satisfy the stringent communication requirements within protection systems operating over the Ethernet communication framework. One of the on-going research topics in this area is extending capabilities of IEC 61850 to represent control logic by combining it with component software architecture of the IEC 61499 standard. The Intelligent Logical Nodes (iLN) architecture is one such solution which combines the two standards. This development led to the need to implement communication services of IEC 61850 by means of IEC 61499. This paper presents such an implementation of IEC 61850 GOOSE messaging using IEC 61499 Service Interface Function Blocks implemented by means of the WinPCap library.

This paper presents implementation of the Distributed Grid Intelligence (DGI) applications such as Intelligent Fault Management and Load Balancing using IEC61499 reference architecture. This enables system level design of distributed applications with a direct pathway to deployment to hardware. The use of IEC 61499 improves scalability, re-configurability and maintainability of automation software. Both applications were verified using co-simulation approach: control and power system simulated on PCs, and power system simulation on a PC networked with the number of distributed hardware running control algorithm. Both DGI applications were deployed to commercial programmable automation devices and embedded controllers. The use of IEC 61499 facilitates deployment of hardware independent function block model to the variety of compliant hardware. The paper also discusses distributed SCADA concept with IEC61499 implemented with the so-called Composite Automation Type (CAT) function blocks which combine functional and visual components. These blocks are used to implement human-machine interface of the FREEDM Smart Grid demonstrator reacting on plugging and unplugging of energy resources.

The paper proposes a novel computer-aided model-based system engineering process for Smart Gird applications. The process is supported by the SysGrid tool that plays the roles of system configurator and device configurator. The design process starts with single line diagrams which are automatically transformed to executable function block specifications. The process is based on the Smart Grid control architecture that is a heterogeneous network of controllers communicating in a peer to peer manner. This “artificial nervous system” of the Smart Grid will be capable of self-healing and dynamic adaptation to renewable generation and ever-changing loads. The tool supports system-level design of automation logic in the form of function block networks with compliancy to IEC 61499. The capabilities of SysGrid are demonstrated through the process of designing a distributed protection application.

This paper proposes a cosimulation environment for “hardware in the loop” or “software in the loop” validation of distributed controls in a Smart Grid. The controls are designed using model-driven engineering with the IEC 61499 Function Block architecture. These are connected with plant models, for example, in Matlab/Simulink, through communication channels such as UDP or TCP sockets. This solution enables multi-closed-loop plant-controller simulation. The communication between plant and controller is event-driven. In order to perform a realistic simulation, the proposed solution takes into account computation and communication delays on the controller side in Function Blocks and compensates model time on the plant side in Matlab model accordingly. Causality and accuracy of the method have been formally addressed. This approach has been tested and demonstrated with several Smart Grid-related examples.

The electric energy system is changing more and more into a Smart Grid. A key technology in order to transform the actual grid is the information and communication technology. This means that advanced management, automation, control and communication concepts and systems have to be developed in order to cope with changing and challenging future requirements in the intelligent grid; especially the large-scale integration of distributed energy systems and electric vehicles. As a result of this trend, the future grid will consist of a huge number of intelligent electronic devices in order to manage the distributed and complex nature of Smart Girds. In order to guarantee a high level of interoperability, which is a major requirement for Smart Grids and its related components and devices, the International Electrotechnical Commission has introduced the IEC 61850 standard for power utility automation. Since it covers only interoperability and communication issues, a proper design, modeling and implementation approach is required. The main aim of this paper therefore is to discuss the usage of IEC 61850 together with the IEC 61499 reference model for distributed automation and the development of a related IEC 61499 Compliance Profile for Smart Grids.

This paper proposes solutions for distributed protection applications, to improve current and design of future protection schemes. This solution utilises advantages of fast and reliable peer-to-peer communication of IEC 61850 and interoperability and configurability of IEC 61499. The integration of the two standards improves protection schemes by decreasing fault clearing times and minimizes the effect of short circuit faults on sensitive loads. Additional advantages include the reductions of the number of hard-wired connections, especially in a large substation where all protection IEDs has a significant number of binary inputs and relay outputs. IEC 61499 is an open standard for designing distributed control systems to promote portability, interoperability and configurability, i.e. vendor independent, flexible and robust solutions. IEC 61499 can be used to represent programmable logic of power system devices, in a standard form and in a vendor independent way. The proposed distributed protection system is implemented and simulated using the developed co-simulation environment.

The objective of this study was to develop and validate an automated acquisition system to assess quality of care (QC) measures for cardiovascular diseases. This system combining searching and retrieval algorithms was designed to extract QC measures from electronic discharge notes and to estimate the attainment rates to the current standards of care. It was developed on the patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and tested on the patients with unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, both diseases sharing almost the same QC measures. The system was able to reach a reasonable agreement (kappa value) with medical experts from 0.65 (early reperfusion rate) to 0.97 (beta-blockers and lipid-lowering agents before discharge) for different QC measures in the test set, and then applied to evaluate QC in the patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. The result has validated a new tool to reliably extract QC measures for cardiovascular diseases.

When IEEE 802.11i draft proposed TKIP, it is expected to improve WEP on both active and passive attack methods. TKIP uses more sophisticated methods to distribute and manage secret keys and also requires software upgrade only instead of changing hardware equipment. However, implementing TKIP on the exiting equipment, the transmission performance is decreased dramatically. This paper, therefore, proposes a new transfer scheme to enhance previous WEP and TKIP protocols - secure enhanced wireless transfer protocol (SEWTP). SEWTP provides an encryption algorithm on top of current hardware that improves low performance in TKIP but without compromising security level in the mean time. This is achieved by encrypting secret key twice. Secret key are stored at both access point (AP) and wireless client so that it can be compared and validated.