The evolution of cloud computing has given rise to Cloud Native Applications (CNAs), presenting new challenges in governance, particularly when faced with strict compliance requirements. This work explores the unique characteristics of CNAs and their impact on governance. We introduce a comprehensive reference architecture designed to streamline governance across CNAs, along with a sample implementation, offering insights for both single and multi-cloud environments. Our architecture seamlessly integrates governance within the CNA framework, adhering to a “battery-included” philosophy. Tailored for both expansive and compact CNA deployments across various industries, this design enables cloud practitioners to prioritize product development by alleviating the complexities associated with governance. In addition, it provides a building block for academic exploration of generic CNA frameworks, highlighting their relevance in the evolving cloud computing landscape.

In recent years, software engineers have explored ways to assist quantum software programmers. Our goal in this paper is to continue this exploration and see if quantum software programmers deal with some problems plaguing classical programs. Specifically, we examine whether intermittently failing tests, i.e., flaky tests, affect quantum software development. To explore flakiness, we conduct a preliminary analysis of 14 quantum software repositories. Then, we identify flaky tests and categorize their causes and methods of fixing them. We find flaky tests in 12 out of 14 quantum software repositories. In these 12 repositories, the lower boundary of the percentage of issues related to flaky tests ranges between 0.26% and 1.85% per repository. We identify 46 distinct flaky test reports with 8 groups of causes and 7 common solutions. Further, we notice that quantum programmers are not using some of the recent flaky test countermeasures developed by software engineers. This work may interest practitioners, as it provides useful insight into the resolution of flaky tests in quantum programs. Researchers may also find the paper helpful as it offers quantitative data on flaky tests in quantum software and points to new research opportunities.

Bug-fix pattern detection has been investigated in the past in the context of classical software.However, while quantum software is developing rapidly, the literature is still lacking automated methods and tools to identify, analyze, and detect bug-fix patterns.To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to leverage classical techniques to detect bug-fix patterns in quantum code.In this paper, we propose an automated framework, called Q-Diff, for detecting bug-fix patterns in IBM Qiskit quantum code.In the framework, we develop a proof-of-concept tool based on Abstract Syntax Trees.To validate our method, we test Q-Diff with a variety of quantum bug-fix patterns using examples.We hope our work will attract the attention of the quantum software engineering community to improve the quality of quantum software.

Service Level Agreements (SLA) are employed to ensure the performance of Cloud solutions. When a component fails, the importance of logs increases significantly. All departments may turn to logs to determine the cause of the issue and find the party at fault. The party at fault may be motivated to tamper with the logs to hide their role. We argue that the critical nature of Cloud logs calls for immutability and verification mechanism without the presence of a single trusted party. This article proposes such a mechanism by describing a blockchain-based log storage system, called Logchain, which can be integrated with existing private and public blockchain solutions. Logchain uses the immutability feature of blockchain to provide a tamper-resistance platform for log storage. Additionally, we propose a hierarchical structure to address blockchains’ scalability issues. To validate the mechanism, we integrate Logchain into Ethereum and IBM Blockchain. We show that the solution is scalable and perform the analysis of the cost of ownership to help a reader select an implementation that would address their needs. The Logchain's scalability improvement on a blockchain is achieved without any alteration of blockchains’ fundamental architecture. As shown in this work, it can function on private and public blockchains and, therefore, can be a suitable alternative for organizations that need a secure, immutable log storage platform.

The Software Engineering (SE) community is prolific, making it challenging for experts to keep up with the flood of new papers and for neophytes to enter the field. Therefore, we posit that the community may benefit from a tool extracting terms and their interrelations from the SE community's text corpus and showing terms' trends. In this paper, we build a prototyping tool using the word embedding technique. We train the embeddings on the SE Body of Knowledge handbook and 15,233 research papers' titles and abstracts. We also create test cases necessary for validation of the training of the embeddings. We provide representative examples showing that the embeddings may aid in summarizing terms and uncovering trends in the knowledge base.

Advances in technology and economical pressure have forced many organizations to consider the migration of their legacy systems to newer platforms.