Digital libraries have focused on change to images from the perspectives of prevention and reversal. Since change is a required component of scholarship, we seek to adding the modeling of change to support its characterization. In this paper we discuss change to images in traditional media and propose a formal model of that change. The subject calls for a kaleidoscopic approach as tracking changes in images is an interesting exercise in storytelling, both when one looks at deliberately changing them with a purpose and at tracking past changes.

Literature review is a fundamental part of a research process, and systematic protocols for this activity have been used for a long time, mainly in the field of health. Specifically in the Computer Science Education area, the use of systematic literature review has grown. One of the steps in a systematic literature review (SLR) is the selection of academic databases in which to search for articles. There are several databases with academic documents that may be relevant to SLR, for example: Google Scholar, which indexes different types of documents, such as articles, dissertations, theses, and others; Scopus and Web of Science are large databases that index articles from different conferences and journals. ACM Digital Library and IEEE Xplore are also important sources of information in the field of Computer Education. These tools have different characteristics, some charge a fee, others have only information about the title and authors and do not have access to the full article, others have advanced features, with many filters. In this context, this article presents the following research questions: RQ1) What metadata can be extracted automatically from the databases?; RQ2) What kind of visualization tools are available?; RQ3) Do the documents returned by the databases cover the research topic?; RQ4) Do the databases have papers from the main CSE venues?; and RQ5) How many databases are required to perform a literature review in CSE? To answer these questions we used five academic databases: Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE xplore. Regarding the results, Scopus and Web of Science have the best visualization of the documents and a robust query engine, however those academic databases are not free. ACM Digital library, IEEE Xplore, Scopus and Web of Science allow the automatic download of the papers’ metadata (author, title, abstract, affiliation and others). Specifically in the field of Computer Science Education, the ACM Digital Library and the IEEE Xplore have important papers from conferences (SIGCSE and FIE) and journals (ACM Transaction on Education and IEEE Transaction on Education). In this full paper, the results will be presented to help researchers to choose the most appropriate academic databases based on their requirements and available options.

Full paper. Introductory programming courses such as Computer Science 1 (CS1) are challenging for undergraduate students. Additional obstacles to attracting and retaining students from groups underrepresented in Computer Science majors (such as women, African-Americans, Latinx/Hispanic, and Native Americans) motivated several CS1 educational initiatives aiming at better support for students from these groups. In the context of broadening participation in computing, our paper aims to answer the following question: What does the literature tell us about educational initiatives in CS1 courses that focus on underrepresented minority groups in the United States? To answer this question, we deployed a systematic literature mapping process covering the last twelve years (2009–2020) using four academic databases: Scopus, Web of Science, IEEExplore, and ACM Digital Library. We found 67 academic documents published in conferences and journals, covering activities such as modifications to lesson plans, implementation of pedagogical changes, assessment of student sentiment, the establishment of learning communities, and mentoring events targeting to increase inclusion in CS1 courses.

Mass digitization of historical documents is a challenging problem for optical character recognition (OCR) tools. Issues include noisy backgrounds and faded text due to aging, border/marginal noise, bleed-through, skewing, warping, as well as irregular fonts and page layouts. As a result, OCR tools often produce a large number of spurious bounding boxes (BBs) in addition to those that correspond to words in the document. This paper presents an iterative classification algorithm to automatically label BBs (i.e., as text or noise) based on their spatial distribution and geometry. The approach uses a rule-base classifier to generate initial text/noise labels for each BB, followed by an iterative classifier that refines the initial labels by incorporating local information to each BB, its spatial location, shape and size. When evaluated on a dataset containing over 72,000 manually-labeled BBs from 159 historical documents, the algorithm can classify BBs with 0.95 precision and 0.96 recall. Further evaluation on a collection of 6,775 documents with ground-truth transcriptions shows that the algorithm can also be used to predict document quality (0.7 correlation) and improve OCR transcriptions in 85% of the cases.

BACKGROUND: Many important agricultural traits such as weight gain, milk fat content and intramuscular fat (marbling) in cattle are quantitative traits. Most of the information on these traits has not previously been integrated into a genomic context. Without such integration application of these data to agricultural enterprises will remain slow and inefficient. Our goal was to populate a genomic database with data mined from the bovine quantitative trait literature and to make these data available in a genomic context to researchers via a user friendly query interface. DESCRIPTION: The QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) data and related information for bovine QTL are gathered from published work and from existing databases. An integrated database schema was designed and the database (MySQL) populated with the gathered data. The bovine QTL Viewer was developed for the integration of QTL data available for cattle. The tool consists of an integrated database of bovine QTL and the QTL viewer to display QTL and their chromosomal position. CONCLUSION: We present a web accessible, integrated database of bovine (dairy and beef cattle) QTL for use by animal geneticists. The viewer and database are of general applicability to any livestock species for which there are public QTL data. The viewer can be accessed at http://bovineqtl.tamu.edu.

In this paper we discuss application of caT, which extends the Trellis Petri-net-based model of document/hypertext, towards specification of Web-browsable documents that respond to their reader’s characteristics, browsing activities, use environment, and interactions with other readers. The Petri net basis provides both a graphical representation of the nodes and links in the hypertext and also an automaton-based specification of the browsing behaviors encountered by readers examining the hypertext. Providing Webbrowsable responsive hypertexts in the caT context requires consideration of the structures that might be designed in support of the application and also of the mechanism for translating from caT’s custom interfaces ’ multi-window presentation to a composite that can be viewed using a standard Web browser.

caT (for Context-Aware Trellis) was initially developed to support context-aware documents by incorporating high-level Petri-net specification, context-awareness, user modeling, and fuzzy knowledge handling features into Trellis, a Petri-net-based hypermedia system. The browsing behavior of documents specified in the caT model can reflect the reader's contextual (such as location and time) and preference information. Recently, to provide a framework for the authoring, browsing, and analysis of reasonably complex, dynamic documents, we added (or extended) several features in the caT system, providing hierarchical Petri net support, a structured authoring tool, browsing tools for multiple presentations of a particular document's specification, and a Petri net analysis tool. In this paper, we present the extended features of caT and give examples of using caT to define and present various documents, such as formal specification of software requirements and customized Web documents. Since caT is based on a formal model, the behavioral characteristics of developed caT models can be analyzed. Current debugging and analysis tools, integrated into the authoring tool, are also introduced.

Digital libraries need to facilitate the use of digital information in a variety of settings. One approach to making information useful is to enable its application to situations unanticipated by the original author. Walden's Paths is designed to enable authors to collect, organize, and annotate information from on-line collections for presentation to their readers. Experiences with the use of Walden's Paths in high-school classrooms have identified four needs/issues: (1) better support for the gradual authoring of paths by teachers, (2) support for student authoring of paths including the ability for students to collaborate on paths, (3) more obvious distinction between content of the original source materials and that added by the path author, and (4) support for maintaining paths over an evolving set of source documents. These observed needs have driven the development of new versions of Walden's Paths. Additionally, the experiences with path authoring have led to a conceptualization of metadocuments, documents whose components include complete documents, as a general domain where issues of collaboration, intellectual property, and maintenance are decidedly different from traditional document publication.

We present a view of hyperdocuments in which each document encodes its own browsing semantics in its links. This requires a mental shift in how a hyperdocument is thought of abstractly. Instead of treating the links of a document as defining a static directed graph, they are thought of as defining an abstract program, termed the links-automaton of the document. A branching temporal logic notation, termed HTL*, is introduced for specifying properties a document should exhibit during browsing. An automated program verification technique called model checking is used to verify that browsing specifications in a subset of HTL* are met by the behavior defined in the links-automation. We illustrate the generality of these techniques by applying them first to several Trellis documents and then to a Hyperties document.

Presentations frequently include material appropriated from external sources; they may incorporate tabular data from published reports, photographs from books, or clip art from purchased collections.With the growing use of the World-Wide Web to disseminate information, there is the emerging potential for a new style of presentation: one that interprets and organizes materials produced by others and published on-line.Authoring such presentations requires the analysis of the source information.However, current presentation authoring software is designed to support traditional presentations, where analysis is assumed a separate task at best supported by separate software.This paper discusses experiences with using VIKI, a system designed to support information analysis, for the authoring of such presentations.VIKI includes a spatial parser to recognize implicit spatial structure generated during analysis.This paper describes how initial experiences with use for path authoring led to VIKI enhancements, including the adaptation of implicit spatial structure recognition for the creation of presentations.

The correct and timely creation of systems for coordination of group work depends on the ability to express, analyze, and experiment with protocols for managing multiple work threads. We present an evolution of the Trellis model that provides a formal basis for prototyping the coordination structure of a collaboration system. In Trellis, group interaction protocols are represented separately from the interface processes that use them for coordination. Protocols are interpreted (rather than compiled into applications) so group interactions can be changed as a collaborative task progresses. Changes can be made either by a person editing the protocol specification “on the fly” or by a silent “observation” process that participates in an application solely to perform behavioral adaptations.

An approach to image based typographic analysis of documents is provided. The problem requires a spatial understanding of the document layout as well as knowledge of the proper syntax. The system performs a page synthesis from the stream of formatting commands defined in a DVI file. Since the two-dimensional relationships between document components are not explicit in the page language, the authors develop a representation which preserves the two-dimensional layout, the read-order and the attributes of document components. From this hierarchical representation of the page layout we extract and analyze relevant typographic features such as margins, line and character spacing, and figure placement.>

Abstract We describe a program for the display and exploration of complex, domain‐specific information: ytracc, an interactive grammar debugging tool for compiler writers. The ytracc system provides the designer of a yacc grammar a method of tracing a parser as it uses the grammar, ytracc captures the states of the parse as it is carried out. The captured parse can then be replayed forwards or backwards, step‐by‐step, or subtree‐by‐subtree, as defined by the non‐terminals of the grammar. The tool has been successfully used by students as an assistant in an advanced undergraduate compiler construction class, and we use the tool in our everyday work.

A document preparation system is characterised not only by the features included in its implementation but also by what is implemented. In this report, we focus on describing the document's representation, as visible to the author – the user of a document preparation system. The characterisation for paper-based documents subdivides the document's representation into a set of interacting structures – a primary structure that describes the composition of primitive objects into higher-level objects, secondary structures that describes the relationships among objects in the document, and auxiliary structures that represent sources or sinks of information outside of the document itself. Current document preparation systems are examined, from the viewpoint of their representation, and extension to hypertext is considered.

We present a formal definition of the Trellis model of hypertext and describe an authoring and browsing prototype called αTrellis that is based on the model. The Trellis model not only represents the relationships that tie individual pieces of information together into a document (i.e., the adjacencies), but specifies the browsing semantics to be associated with the hypertext as well (i.e., the manner in which the information is to be visited and presented). The model is based on Petri nets, and is a generalization of existing directed graph-based forms of hypertext. The Petri net basis permits more powerful specification of what is to be displayed when a hypertext is browsed and permits application of previously developed Petri net analysis techniques to verify properties of the hypertext. A number of useful hypertext constructs, easily described in the Trellis model, are presented. These include the synchronization of simultaneous traversals of separate paths through a hypertext, the incorporation of access controls into a hypertext (i.e., specifying nodes that can be proven to be accessible only to certain classes of browsers), and construction of multiple specialized (tailored) versions from a single hypertext.

The interaction between programmer and programming language affects the maintainability, reliability, and understandability of the resulting programs. Their results are important both to the educator and to the language designer, particularly when examining languages to be used when teaching beginning programmers. The purpose of this paper is to examine and discuss the methodology and results of a number of these research studies.