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Minimal-Perturbation Counterfactuals through Guided Denoising Diffusion for Recommender Systems Explanation

sigir26-060 · Full research paper · Amir Reza Mohammadi, Andreas Peintner, Michael Müller, Eva Zangerle
Explainable and Causal Recommendatio · 50% Diffusion and Flow Recommenders · 50%
Abstract

Counterfactual explanations for recommender systems aim to identify minimal changes to a user's interaction history that would alter the model's recommendation, thereby providing actionable and user-centric explanations. However, existing CE methods often rely on local perturbation or mask-based strategies that require substantial profile modifications and exhibit unstable behavior under fine-grained ranking changes. In this work, we propose DiceRec, a diffusion-based, model-agnostic framework for generating interaction-level counterfactual explanations. DiceRec leverages denoising diffusion probabilistic models to learn the distribution of user interaction histories and integrates counterfactual objectives directly into the reverse diffusion process via guided denoising. By shaping the denoising trajectory at each step, DiceRec generates compact, semantically coherent counterfactuals that induce the desired ranking changes without relying on explicit sparsity regularization or heuristic perturbation budgets. Beyond the method itself, we introduce a fine-grained and constrained evaluation protocol that reveals important differences in explanation quality that are obscured by conventional coarse-grained, percentage-based perturbation schemes. Through extensive experiments, we show that DiceRec consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, particularly in minimal-perturbation scenarios that reflect realistic counterfactual conditions. Our results highlight the advantages of diffusion-based counterfactual generation and underscore the necessity of fine-grained evaluation for faithful explanation assessment in recommender systems.

Assigned reviewers

#ReviewerMatchWhy (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy)
1 Jianghong Ma
42
74 CoDeR+: Interest-aware Counterfactual Reasoning for Sequential Recommendation (2026) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
74 CoDeR: Counterfactual Demand Reasoning for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
69 Correlation-Driven Explainable Recommendation With Aspect and Rating Boosted Representation Learning: A Unified Joint-Ranking Framework (2025) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
2 Xialong Liu
41
69 S-Diff: An Anisotropic Diffusion Model for Collaborative Filtering in Spectral Domain (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
62 Expert-Guided Diffusion Planner for Auto-Bidding (2025) Advertising and Auction Mechanisms
49 CROLoss: Towards a Customizable Loss for Retrieval Models in Recommender Systems (2022) Recommendation with Search and Ranking

Area chair

Area chairMatch
Yanan Niu 47
Area-chair candidates (3)
Yanan Niu assigned 4715 papers
Xin Xin 0003 4210 papers
Leyu Lin 4115 papers

Candidates from the panel ranked by match score

#ReviewerMatchLoadWhy
1 Zhengyi Yang 0007 56 3
71 Generate What You Prefer: Reshaping Sequential Recommendation via Guided Diffusion (2023) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
71 On Efficiency-Effectiveness Trade-off of Diffusion-based Recommenders (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
2 Lantao Hu 51 3
73 Natural Language Explainable Recommendation with Robustness Enhancement (2024) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
71 Fading to Grow: Growing Preference Ratios via Preference Fading Discrete Diffusion for Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
3 Shuchang Liu 0001 50 3
71 Heterogeneous Multi-treatment Uplift Modeling for Trade-off Optimization in Short-Video Recommendation (2026) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
70 Fading to Grow: Growing Preference Ratios via Preference Fading Discrete Diffusion for Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
5 Yang Song 0008 47 3
74 Enhancing Recommendation with Search Data in a Causal Learning Manner (2023) Recommendation with Search and Ranking
72 Leveraging Watch-time Feedback for Short-Video Recommendations: A Causal Labeling Framework (2023) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
6 Chongming Gao 46 3
70 Treatment Effect Estimation for User Interest Exploration on Recommender Systems (2024) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
47 KuaiRec: A Fully-observed Dataset and Insights for Evaluating Recommender Systems (2022) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
7 Han Li 0005 46 3
74 DiffusionGS: Generative Search with Query Conditioned Diffusion in Kuaishou (2026) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
50 Enhancing Sequential Recommender with Large Language Models for Joint Video and Comment Recommendation (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation
8 Fei Sun 0001 45 3
49 Personalized re-ranking for recommendation (2019) Recommendation with Search and Ranking
48 Neural Re-ranking in Multi-stage Recommender Systems: A Review (2022) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
9 Jianling Wang 45 3
49 A Hierarchical Self-Attentive Model for Recommending User-Generated Item Lists (2019) Efficient and Long-Sequence Sequential Recommendation
48 Recurrent Recommendation with Local Coherence (2019) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling
10 Xuanhua Yang 44 3
70 Towards Personalized Bundle Creative Generation with Contrastive Non-Autoregressive Decoding (2022) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
46 Breaking the Relevance-Diversity Seesaw: Hierarchical LLM Reasoning with RL for Industrial Novelty Recommendation (2026) Preference Alignment and Optimization
11 Ching Law 44 3
71 Uni-Layout: Integrating Human Feedback in Unified Layout Generation and Evaluation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
71 MoFu: Scale-Aware Modulation and Fourier Fusion for Multi-Subject Video Generation (2026) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
12 Seongmin Park 0002 44 3
49 Temporal Linear Item-Item Model for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Efficient and Long-Sequence Sequential Recommendation
48 MUFFIN: Mixture of User-Adaptive Frequency Filtering for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling
13 Xiao Zhang 0034 44 3
74 Enhancing Recommendation with Search Data in a Causal Learning Manner (2023) Recommendation with Search and Ranking
49 UniSAR: Modeling User Transition Behaviors between Search and Recommendation (2024) Recommendation with Search and Ranking
14 Bo Peng 0009 44 3
49 M2: Mixed Models With Preferences, Popularities and Transitions for Next-Basket Recommendation (2023) Efficient and Long-Sequence Sequential Recommendation
48 $\mathop {\mathtt {HAM}}$HAM: Hybrid Associations Models for Sequential Recommendation (2022) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling
15 Jiancan Wu 44 3
70 Generate What You Prefer: Reshaping Sequential Recommendation via Guided Diffusion (2023) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
67 Fading to Grow: Growing Preference Ratios via Preference Fading Discrete Diffusion for Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
16 Bowen Zheng 0005 44 3
50 Enhancing Sequential Recommender with Large Language Models for Joint Video and Comment Recommendation (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation
48 Reciprocal Sequential Recommendation (2023) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling
17 Yuta Saito 44 3
70 CONSEQUENCES - Causality, Counterfactuals and Sequential Decision-Making for Recommender Systems (2022) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
70 CONSEQUENCES - The 2nd Workshop on Causality, Counterfactuals and Sequential Decision-Making for Recommender Systems (2023) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
18 Bo Chen 0023 43 3
49 ReLLa: Retrieval-enhanced Large Language Models for Lifelong Sequential Behavior Comprehension in Recommendation (2024) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation
47 Large language models make sample-efficient recommender systems (2025) Efficiency and Deployment
19 Yongjing Hao 43 3
61 Meta-Optimized Joint Generative and Contrastive Learning for Sequential Recommendation (2024) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
47 Considering Interaction Sequence of Historical Items for Conversational Recommender System (2021) Conversational and Interactive Recommendation
20 Wei Guo 0006 43 3
49 Dataset Regeneration for Sequential Recommendation (2024) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
48 Can LLMs Outshine Conventional Recommenders? A Comparative Evaluation (2025) Efficiency and Deployment
21 Jiuqiang Li 0002 43 3
69 Disentangled Contrastive Bundle Recommendation with Conditional Diffusion (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
40 Graph Diffusive Self-Supervised Learning for Social Recommendation (2024) Social and Group Recommendation
22 Shijie Wang 0002 42 3
71 Continuous-time Discrete-space Diffusion Model for Recommendation (2026) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
61 Score-Based Generative Diffusion Models for Social Recommendations (2025) Social Media and User Modelling
23 Mengyuan Jing 42 3
65 Generating Difficulty-aware Negative Samples via Conditional Diffusion for Multi-modal Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
65 Interest-Aware Graph Contrastive Learning for Recommendation With Diffusion-Based Augmentation (2026) Graph Contrastive and Self-Supervised Learning
24 Jizhi Zhang 42 3
46 Learnable Item Tokenization for Generative Recommendation (2024) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
46 On the Theories Behind Hard Negative Sampling for Recommendation (2023) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
25 Hao Liu 0078 42 3
49 WeaveRec: An LLM-Based Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation Framework with Model Merging (2026) Efficiency and Deployment
45 Mitigating Distribution Shifts in Sequential Recommendation: An Invariance Perspective (2025) Contrastive and Self-Supervised Sequential Recommendation
26 Yongxin Ni 42 3
46 An Image Dataset for Benchmarking Recommender Systems with Raw Pixels (2024) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
45 Global and Personalized Graphs for Heterogeneous Sequential Recommendation by Learning Behavior Transitions and User Intentions (2022) Sequential and Session-Based Graph Recommendation
28 Min Hou 0004 42 3
69 Explainable Fashion Recommendation: A Semantic Attribute Region Guided Approach (2019) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
48 WeaveRec: An LLM-Based Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation Framework with Model Merging (2026) Efficiency and Deployment
29 Jianghong Ma assigned 42 3
74 CoDeR+: Interest-aware Counterfactual Reasoning for Sequential Recommendation (2026) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
74 CoDeR: Counterfactual Demand Reasoning for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
30 Chen Wang 0052 42 3
47 Cluster-Aware Item Prompt Learning for Session-Based Recommendation (2025) LLM-Enhanced Sequential Recommendation
46 Confidence-Aware Fine-Tuning of Sequential Recommendation Systems Via Conformal Prediction (2025) Contrastive and Self-Supervised Sequential Recommendation
31 Xialong Liu assigned 41 3
69 S-Diff: An Anisotropic Diffusion Model for Collaborative Filtering in Spectral Domain (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
62 Expert-Guided Diffusion Planner for Auto-Bidding (2025) Advertising and Auction Mechanisms
32 Lingling Yi 41 3
74 Addressing Confounding Feature Issue for Causal Recommendation (2023) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
45 PRECISE: Pre-training and Fine-tuning Sequential Recommenders with Collaborative and Semantic Information (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation