Minimal-Perturbation Counterfactuals through Guided Denoising Diffusion for Recommender Systems Explanation
Abstract
Counterfactual explanations for recommender systems aim to identify minimal changes to a user's interaction history that would alter the model's recommendation, thereby providing actionable and user-centric explanations. However, existing CE methods often rely on local perturbation or mask-based strategies that require substantial profile modifications and exhibit unstable behavior under fine-grained ranking changes. In this work, we propose DiceRec, a diffusion-based, model-agnostic framework for generating interaction-level counterfactual explanations. DiceRec leverages denoising diffusion probabilistic models to learn the distribution of user interaction histories and integrates counterfactual objectives directly into the reverse diffusion process via guided denoising. By shaping the denoising trajectory at each step, DiceRec generates compact, semantically coherent counterfactuals that induce the desired ranking changes without relying on explicit sparsity regularization or heuristic perturbation budgets. Beyond the method itself, we introduce a fine-grained and constrained evaluation protocol that reveals important differences in explanation quality that are obscured by conventional coarse-grained, percentage-based perturbation schemes. Through extensive experiments, we show that DiceRec consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, particularly in minimal-perturbation scenarios that reflect realistic counterfactual conditions. Our results highlight the advantages of diffusion-based counterfactual generation and underscore the necessity of fine-grained evaluation for faithful explanation assessment in recommender systems.
Assigned reviewers
| # | Reviewer | Match | Why (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jianghong Ma | 42 | 74 CoDeR+: Interest-aware Counterfactual Reasoning for Sequential Recommendation (2026) Explainable and Causal Recommendation 74 CoDeR: Counterfactual Demand Reasoning for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Explainable and Causal Recommendation 69 Correlation-Driven Explainable Recommendation With Aspect and Rating Boosted Representation Learning: A Unified Joint-Ranking Framework (2025) Explainable and Causal Recommendation |
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| 2 | Xialong Liu | 41 | 69 S-Diff: An Anisotropic Diffusion Model for Collaborative Filtering in Spectral Domain (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 62 Expert-Guided Diffusion Planner for Auto-Bidding (2025) Advertising and Auction Mechanisms 49 CROLoss: Towards a Customizable Loss for Retrieval Models in Recommender Systems (2022) Recommendation with Search and Ranking |
Area chair
| Area chair | Match | |
|---|---|---|
| Yanan Niu | 47 |
Area-chair candidates (3)
| Yanan Niu assigned | 47 | 15 papers | |
| Xin Xin 0003 | 42 | 10 papers | |
| Leyu Lin | 41 | 15 papers |
Candidates from the panel ranked by match score
| # | Reviewer | Match | Load | Why | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zhengyi Yang 0007 | 56 | 3 | 71 Generate What You Prefer: Reshaping Sequential Recommendation via Guided Diffusion (2023) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 71 On Efficiency-Effectiveness Trade-off of Diffusion-based Recommenders (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders |
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| 2 | Lantao Hu | 51 | 3 | 73 Natural Language Explainable Recommendation with Robustness Enhancement (2024) Explainable and Causal Recommendation 71 Fading to Grow: Growing Preference Ratios via Preference Fading Discrete Diffusion for Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders |
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| 3 | Shuchang Liu 0001 | 50 | 3 | 71 Heterogeneous Multi-treatment Uplift Modeling for Trade-off Optimization in Short-Video Recommendation (2026) Explainable and Causal Recommendation 70 Fading to Grow: Growing Preference Ratios via Preference Fading Discrete Diffusion for Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders |
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| 5 | Yang Song 0008 | 47 | 3 | 74 Enhancing Recommendation with Search Data in a Causal Learning Manner (2023) Recommendation with Search and Ranking 72 Leveraging Watch-time Feedback for Short-Video Recommendations: A Causal Labeling Framework (2023) Explainable and Causal Recommendation |
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| 6 | Chongming Gao | 46 | 3 | 70 Treatment Effect Estimation for User Interest Exploration on Recommender Systems (2024) Explainable and Causal Recommendation 47 KuaiRec: A Fully-observed Dataset and Insights for Evaluating Recommender Systems (2022) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation |
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| 7 | Han Li 0005 | 46 | 3 | 74 DiffusionGS: Generative Search with Query Conditioned Diffusion in Kuaishou (2026) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 50 Enhancing Sequential Recommender with Large Language Models for Joint Video and Comment Recommendation (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation |
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| 8 | Fei Sun 0001 | 45 | 3 | 49 Personalized re-ranking for recommendation (2019) Recommendation with Search and Ranking 48 Neural Re-ranking in Multi-stage Recommender Systems: A Review (2022) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation |
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| 9 | Jianling Wang | 45 | 3 | 49 A Hierarchical Self-Attentive Model for Recommending User-Generated Item Lists (2019) Efficient and Long-Sequence Sequential Recommendation 48 Recurrent Recommendation with Local Coherence (2019) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling |
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| 10 | Xuanhua Yang | 44 | 3 | 70 Towards Personalized Bundle Creative Generation with Contrastive Non-Autoregressive Decoding (2022) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 46 Breaking the Relevance-Diversity Seesaw: Hierarchical LLM Reasoning with RL for Industrial Novelty Recommendation (2026) Preference Alignment and Optimization |
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| 11 | Ching Law | 44 | 3 | 71 Uni-Layout: Integrating Human Feedback in Unified Layout Generation and Evaluation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 71 MoFu: Scale-Aware Modulation and Fourier Fusion for Multi-Subject Video Generation (2026) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders |
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| 12 | Seongmin Park 0002 | 44 | 3 | 49 Temporal Linear Item-Item Model for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Efficient and Long-Sequence Sequential Recommendation 48 MUFFIN: Mixture of User-Adaptive Frequency Filtering for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling |
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| 13 | Xiao Zhang 0034 | 44 | 3 | 74 Enhancing Recommendation with Search Data in a Causal Learning Manner (2023) Recommendation with Search and Ranking 49 UniSAR: Modeling User Transition Behaviors between Search and Recommendation (2024) Recommendation with Search and Ranking |
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| 14 | Bo Peng 0009 | 44 | 3 | 49 M2: Mixed Models With Preferences, Popularities and Transitions for Next-Basket Recommendation (2023) Efficient and Long-Sequence Sequential Recommendation 48 $\mathop {\mathtt {HAM}}$HAM: Hybrid Associations Models for Sequential Recommendation (2022) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling |
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| 15 | Jiancan Wu | 44 | 3 | 70 Generate What You Prefer: Reshaping Sequential Recommendation via Guided Diffusion (2023) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 67 Fading to Grow: Growing Preference Ratios via Preference Fading Discrete Diffusion for Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders |
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| 16 | Bowen Zheng 0005 | 44 | 3 | 50 Enhancing Sequential Recommender with Large Language Models for Joint Video and Comment Recommendation (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation 48 Reciprocal Sequential Recommendation (2023) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling |
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| 17 | Yuta Saito | 44 | 3 | 70 CONSEQUENCES - Causality, Counterfactuals and Sequential Decision-Making for Recommender Systems (2022) Explainable and Causal Recommendation 70 CONSEQUENCES - The 2nd Workshop on Causality, Counterfactuals and Sequential Decision-Making for Recommender Systems (2023) Explainable and Causal Recommendation |
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| 18 | Bo Chen 0023 | 43 | 3 | 49 ReLLa: Retrieval-enhanced Large Language Models for Lifelong Sequential Behavior Comprehension in Recommendation (2024) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation 47 Large language models make sample-efficient recommender systems (2025) Efficiency and Deployment |
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| 19 | Yongjing Hao | 43 | 3 | 61 Meta-Optimized Joint Generative and Contrastive Learning for Sequential Recommendation (2024) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 47 Considering Interaction Sequence of Historical Items for Conversational Recommender System (2021) Conversational and Interactive Recommendation |
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| 20 | Wei Guo 0006 | 43 | 3 | 49 Dataset Regeneration for Sequential Recommendation (2024) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation 48 Can LLMs Outshine Conventional Recommenders? A Comparative Evaluation (2025) Efficiency and Deployment |
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| 21 | Jiuqiang Li 0002 | 43 | 3 | 69 Disentangled Contrastive Bundle Recommendation with Conditional Diffusion (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 40 Graph Diffusive Self-Supervised Learning for Social Recommendation (2024) Social and Group Recommendation |
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| 22 | Shijie Wang 0002 | 42 | 3 | 71 Continuous-time Discrete-space Diffusion Model for Recommendation (2026) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 61 Score-Based Generative Diffusion Models for Social Recommendations (2025) Social Media and User Modelling |
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| 23 | Mengyuan Jing | 42 | 3 | 65 Generating Difficulty-aware Negative Samples via Conditional Diffusion for Multi-modal Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 65 Interest-Aware Graph Contrastive Learning for Recommendation With Diffusion-Based Augmentation (2026) Graph Contrastive and Self-Supervised Learning |
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| 24 | Jizhi Zhang | 42 | 3 | 46 Learnable Item Tokenization for Generative Recommendation (2024) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs 46 On the Theories Behind Hard Negative Sampling for Recommendation (2023) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation |
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| 25 | Hao Liu 0078 | 42 | 3 | 49 WeaveRec: An LLM-Based Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation Framework with Model Merging (2026) Efficiency and Deployment 45 Mitigating Distribution Shifts in Sequential Recommendation: An Invariance Perspective (2025) Contrastive and Self-Supervised Sequential Recommendation |
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| 26 | Yongxin Ni | 42 | 3 | 46 An Image Dataset for Benchmarking Recommender Systems with Raw Pixels (2024) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation 45 Global and Personalized Graphs for Heterogeneous Sequential Recommendation by Learning Behavior Transitions and User Intentions (2022) Sequential and Session-Based Graph Recommendation |
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| 28 | Min Hou 0004 | 42 | 3 | 69 Explainable Fashion Recommendation: A Semantic Attribute Region Guided Approach (2019) Explainable and Causal Recommendation 48 WeaveRec: An LLM-Based Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation Framework with Model Merging (2026) Efficiency and Deployment |
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| 29 | Jianghong Ma assigned | 42 | 3 | 74 CoDeR+: Interest-aware Counterfactual Reasoning for Sequential Recommendation (2026) Explainable and Causal Recommendation 74 CoDeR: Counterfactual Demand Reasoning for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Explainable and Causal Recommendation |
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| 30 | Chen Wang 0052 | 42 | 3 | 47 Cluster-Aware Item Prompt Learning for Session-Based Recommendation (2025) LLM-Enhanced Sequential Recommendation 46 Confidence-Aware Fine-Tuning of Sequential Recommendation Systems Via Conformal Prediction (2025) Contrastive and Self-Supervised Sequential Recommendation |
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| 31 | Xialong Liu assigned | 41 | 3 | 69 S-Diff: An Anisotropic Diffusion Model for Collaborative Filtering in Spectral Domain (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 62 Expert-Guided Diffusion Planner for Auto-Bidding (2025) Advertising and Auction Mechanisms |
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| 32 | Lingling Yi | 41 | 3 | 74 Addressing Confounding Feature Issue for Causal Recommendation (2023) Explainable and Causal Recommendation 45 PRECISE: Pre-training and Fine-tuning Sequential Recommenders with Collaborative and Semantic Information (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation |