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Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method

sigir26-126 · Full research paper · Tianzhe Zhao, Jiaoyan Chen, Shuxiu Zhang, Haiping Zhu, Qika Lin, Jun Liu
KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning · 50% Evidence Selection and Context Refin · 25% Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness · 25%
Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of applications especially when augmented by external knowledge through retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Despite their widespread adoption, recent studies have shown that LLMs often struggle to perform faithful reasoning when conflicting knowledge is retrieved. However, existing work primarily focuses on conflicts between external knowledge and the parametric knowledge of LLMs, leaving conflicts across external knowledge largely unexplored. Meanwhile, modern RAG systems increasingly emphasize the integration of unstructured text and (semi-)structured data like knowledge graphs (KGs) to improve knowledge completeness and reasoning faithfulness. To address this gap, we introduce ConflictQA, a novel benchmark that systematically instantiates conflicts between textual evidence and KG evidence. Extensive evaluations across representative LLMs reveal that, facing such cross-source conflicts, LLMs often fail to identify reliable evidence for correct reasoning. Instead, LLMs become more sensitive to prompting choices and tend to rely exclusively on either KG or textual evidence, resulting in incorrect responses. Based on these findings, we further propose XoT, a two-stage explanation-based thinking framework tailored for reasoning over heterogeneous conflicting evidence, and verify its effectiveness with extensive experiments.

Assigned reviewers

#ReviewerMatchWhy (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy)
1 Xingyu Tan 0001
64
74 HydraRAG: Structured Cross-Source Enhanced Large Language Model Reasoning (2025) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
74 Paths-over-Graph: Knowledge Graph Empowered Large Language Model Reasoning (2025) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
74 MemoTime: Memory-Augmented Temporal Knowledge Graph Enhanced Large Language Model Reasoning (2026) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
2 Farzad Shami
62
71 Benchmarking Large Language Models for Knowledge Graph Validation (2026) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
71 Fact Verification in Knowledge Graphs Using LLMs (2025) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
41 From Single to Multi-agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA (2026) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA

Area chair

Area chairMatch
Xiaoxi Li 0005 49
Area-chair candidates (5)
Xiaoxi Li 0005 assigned 4915 papers
Hongjin Qian 4212 papers
Xiaoxue Zang 374 papers
Jun Xu 0001 372 papers
Kam-Fai Wong 356 papers

Candidates from the panel ranked by match score

#ReviewerMatchLoadWhy
1 Xingyu Tan 0001 assigned 64 3
74 HydraRAG: Structured Cross-Source Enhanced Large Language Model Reasoning (2025) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
74 Paths-over-Graph: Knowledge Graph Empowered Large Language Model Reasoning (2025) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
2 Farzad Shami assigned 62 3
71 Benchmarking Large Language Models for Knowledge Graph Validation (2026) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
71 Fact Verification in Knowledge Graphs Using LLMs (2025) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
3 Armin Toroghi 57 3
71 Verifiable, Debuggable, and Repairable Commonsense Logical Reasoning via LLM-based Theory Resolution (2024) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
71 LLM-based Typed Hyperresolution for Commonsense Reasoning with Knowledge Bases (2025) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
5 Jiapu Wang COI: co-author 49 3
67 Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap (2024) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
67 From implicit parameters to explicit knowledge graphs: A structured knowledge recall framework for bidirectional generalization in LLMs (2027) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
6 Qinggang Zhang 47 3
72 KnowGPT: Knowledge Graph based Prompting for Large Language Models (2024) Multimodal and Graph RAG
59 Cost-efficient Knowledge-based Question Answering with Large Language Models (2024) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA
7 Jing Liu 0022 47 3
71 Reinforced Informativeness Optimization for Long-Form Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2026) Evidence Selection and Context Refinement
59 Unveiling Knowledge Utilization Mechanisms in LLM-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2025) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
8 Yu Gu 0016 46 3
74 HippoRAG: Neurobiologically Inspired Long-Term Memory for Large Language Models (2024) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
68 Middleware for LLMs: Tools Are Instrumental for Language Agents in Complex Environments (2024) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
9 Wenyu Huang 46 3
71 Prompting large language models with knowledge graphs for question answering involving long-tail facts (2025) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
41 Masking in Multi-hop QA: An Analysis of How Language Models Perform with Context Permutation (2025) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA
10 Ben Liu 0002 44 3
56 SymAgent: A Neural-Symbolic Self-Learning Agent Framework for Complex Reasoning over Knowledge Graphs (2025) Reasoning Evaluation and Benchmarks
54 Plan Then Retrieve: Reinforcement Learning-Guided Complex Reasoning over Knowledge Graphs (2026) RL Training of Search Agents
11 Xiaolong Jin 0001 44 3
71 A New Pipeline for Knowledge Graph Reasoning Enhanced by Large Language Models Without Fine-Tuning (2024) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
45 Hierarchical Query Graph Generation for Complex Question Answering over Knowledge Graph (2020) Knowledge Graph Question Answering
12 Kaixin Ma 44 3
71 Chain-of-Note: Enhancing Robustness in Retrieval-Augmented Language Models (2024) Evidence Selection and Context Refinement
58 Knowledge-driven Data Construction for Zero-shot Evaluation in Commonsense Question Answering (2021) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
13 Yujia Zhou 0002 43 3
59 Robust Fine-tuning for Retrieval Augmented Generation against Retrieval Defects (2025) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
57 RetroLLM: Empowering Large Language Models to Retrieve Fine-grained Evidence within Generation (2025) Evidence Selection and Context Refinement
14 Weiwei Sun 0001 42 3
59 Contrastive Learning Reduces Hallucination in Conversations (2023) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
58 Direct Retrieval-augmented Optimization: Synergizing Knowledge Selection and Language Models (2026) Evidence Selection and Context Refinement
16 Jinheon Baek 42 3
65 KALA: Knowledge-Augmented Language Model Adaptation (2022) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning
59 Efficient Real-time Refinement of Language Model Text Generation (2025) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
17 Yuzhong Qu 41 3
47 Enhancing Complex Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs through Evidence Pattern Retrieval (2024) Knowledge Graph Question Answering
47 Skeleton parsing for complex question answering over knowledge bases (2022) Knowledge Graph Question Answering
18 Tianzhe Zhao COI: author 41 3
52 Self-supervised Quantized Representation for Seamlessly Integrating Knowledge Graphs with Large Language Models (2025) Text Representation and Language Models › Others
51 Logic-Aware Knowledge Graph Reasoning for Structural Sparsity under Large Language Model Supervision (2025) Graph Learning for Text-Attributed and Heterogeneous Networks
19 Di Wu 0054 40 3
59 Synchronous Faithfulness Monitoring for Trustworthy Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2024) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
51 LongMemEval: Benchmarking Chat Assistants on Long-Term Interactive Memory (2025) Conversational Search and Retrieval
20 Xinying Qian 40 3
61 TimeR⁴ : Time-aware Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models for Temporal Knowledge Graph Question Answering (2024) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning
41 Beyond Timestamps: Bridging Forward and Backward Reasoning in Temporal Numerical and Relational Understanding (2026) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA
21 Navve Wasserman 40 3
45 DocReRank: Single-Page Hard Negative Query Generation for Training Multi-Modal RAG Rerankers (2025) Universal Multimodal Embedding and MLLM Retrieval
45 REAL-MM-RAG: A Real-World Multi-Modal Retrieval Benchmark (2025) Universal Multimodal Embedding and MLLM Retrieval
22 Shu Zhou 0002 40 3
61 DynKGRAG: A framework for dynamic knowledge graph construction and multi-hop querying over numerical and textual data (2026) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning
56 Calibrating Uncertainty with Cross-Model Consistency for LLM Hallucination Mitigation (2026) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
23 Qingyi Si 39 3
59 Breaking the Trade-Off Between Faithfulness and Expressiveness for Large Language Models (2026) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
42 Cross-modality Multiple Relations Learning for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answering (2024) Knowledge Graph Question Answering
24 Archiki Prasad 38 3
59 AdaCAD: Adaptively Decoding to Balance Conflicts between Contextual and Parametric Knowledge (2025) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
41 MeetingQA: Extractive Question-Answering on Meeting Transcripts (2023) Retrieval-Augmented and Open-Domain QA
25 Xi Ye 0003 37 3
59 Effective Large Language Model Adaptation for Improved Grounding and Citation Generation (2024) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
47 RNG-KBQA: Generation Augmented Iterative Ranking for Knowledge Base Question Answering (2022) Knowledge Graph Question Answering
26 Ori Yoran 37 3
70 Making Retrieval-Augmented Language Models Robust to Irrelevant Context (2024) Evidence Selection and Context Refinement
41 Answering Questions by Meta-Reasoning over Multiple Chains of Thought (2023) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking
28 Chen Zhao 0013 37 3
57 SportReason: Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning across Tables and Text for Sports Question Answering (2025) Multi-Hop and Iterative Retrieval Reasoning
41 TaPERA: Enhancing Faithfulness and Interpretability in Long-Form Table QA by Content Planning and Execution-based Reasoning (2024) Multi-hop and Complex Reasoning QA
30 Mariano Barone 37 3
56 Combining Evidence and Reasoning for Biomedical Fact-Checking (2025) Automated Fact Checking and Claim Verification
42 Combating Biomedical Misinformation through Multi-modal Claim Detection and Evidence-based Verification (2025) RAG for Domain Applications
31 Wonduk Seo 37 3
37 Automated Visualization Code Synthesis via Multi-path Reasoning and Feedback-Driven Optimizations (2026) Reasoning Evaluation and Benchmarks
36 SPIO: Ensemble and Selective Strategies via LLM-Based Multi-Agent Planning in Automated Data Science (2026) Multi-Agent and Tool-Use Orchestration
32 Fu Zhang 0001 36 3
40 Representation Learning of Knowledge Graphs with Multi-scale Capsule Network (2019) Knowledge Graph Embedding and Completion
40 Temporal householder transformation embedding for temporal knowledge graph completion (2026) Knowledge Graph Embedding and Completion
33 Tingyu Song 36 3
54 LimRank: Less is More for Reasoning-Intensive Information Reranking (2025) Evidence Selection and Context Refinement
35 Rethinking Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval: Evaluating and Advancing Retrievers in Agentic Search Systems (2026) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking
34 Yu-An Liu 0028 36 3
59 AdversarialCoT: Single-Document Retrieval Poisoning for LLM Reasoning (2026) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness
59 Compete to Complete: Co-opetition Adversarial Learning for Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2026) Knowledge Conflict and Faithfulness